https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl en-us 2023-09-14 04:13:28 UTC 2023-09-17 05:33:23 UTC hello@padlet.com samanthabjerke https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707147701 -Behaviorists hypothesized that children learned their first language through stimulus, response, and reinforcement as well, postulating imitation and association as essential processes.
Example: See sphere shaped object, know the word for that object is ball, says ball by imitation, and praise for saying the word ball for the sphere shape object reinforces child's correct response.
-Behaviorist Theory attacked as inadequate to explain observations of child language development.]]> 2023-09-17 04:25:02 UTC https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707147701 samanthabjerke https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707151819 -Language acquisition could only be accounted for by an innate, biological language acquisition device (LAD) or system. -Infants are prewired for linguistic analysis; they possess an innate "grammar template" or universal grammar. 
-Children construct grammar through a process of hypothesis testing. Example: thinking all plurals end in S, child must be childs not children. They create sentences by using rules instead of repeating what they've heard.
-Children acquire grammatical rules with little help from their parents or caregivers.]]> 2023-09-17 04:39:53 UTC https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707151819 samanthabjerke https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707154957 -Caregivers play a critical role in children language acquisition.
-Adults are needed to help children build their vocabulary, master the rules of discourse, and distinguish between culturally acceptable and unacceptable forms of expression.
-Conversational scaffolding: repeating the child's meaning using an expanded form, verifying their understanding of the child's words while modeling adult usage. Plus, the parent and child are taking turns participating in the conversation. It provides conversational assistance and focused linguistic input.
-Children are constantly constructing meaning as they interact with people and the world around them, and through these interactions, they gradually sort out the nuances and multiple meanings of words and phrases.]]> 2023-09-17 04:50:55 UTC https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707154957 samanthabjerke https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707156588 -Audiolingual method, students memorize tape-recorded dialogues, followed by pattern drills for practicing verb forms and sentence structures. 
-Taught to listen and speak first, then to read and write.
-Processes on acquiring second language (or more) consisted of imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of grammatical structures. Errors corrected on the spot.]]> 2023-09-17 04:56:07 UTC https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707156588 samanthabjerke https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707159271 -Creative construction theory: children presented with colorful cartoon pictures. Questions asked about the pictures to encourage the use of certain grammatical structures. Errors were then examined and compared to native English speakers. Some errors due to native language, but majority were the same mistakes made by native English speakers.
-Contrastive analysis is a procedure for comparing phonological, morphological, and syntactic rules of two languages (1st language and 2nd language) to predict areas of difficulty in second language development.]]> 2023-09-17 05:02:43 UTC https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707159271 samanthabjerke https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707163991 -Five hypotheses are: (1) the acquisition/learning hypothesis, (2) the monitor hypothesis, (3) the natural order hypothesis, (4) the input hypothesis, and (5) the affective filter hypothesis.
-The acquisition/learning hypothesis- distinct difference between acquiring and learning a second language. Acquisition is a natural, meaningful process, learning is formal.
-The monitor hypothesis- formal study of language leads to the development of an internal grammar editor or monitor. Three conditions are necessary to use it: sufficient time, focus on grammatical form, and explicit knowledge of the rules. The true base of language knowledge is that which is acquired. Therefore, Krashen recommends that language teaching focus on communication, not rule learning.
-Natural order hypothesis- language learners acquire the rules of a language in a predictable sequence.
-Input hypothesis- second language acquisition is the direct result of learners’ understanding the target language in natural communication situations. Krashen's definition of input: 1) it must be understandable (comprehensible input); (2) it must contain grammatical structures that are just a bit beyond the acquirer’s current linguistic knowledge; (3) it must be part of naturally flowing language used for authentic, purposeful communication. Acquirers can understand input by using context, background knowledge, and gestures or pictures.
-The affective filter hypothesis- The most important affective variables favoring second language acquisition are a low-anxiety learning environment, student motivation to learn the language, self-confidence, and self-esteem.]]> 2023-09-17 05:18:14 UTC https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707163991 samanthabjerke https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707167012 -Communicative give-and-take of natural conversations between native and non-native speakers is the crucial element of the language acquisition process.
-Focus is on how native speakers adjust the speech so that non-native speakers can understand them.
-Also interested in how non-native speakers use their knowledge of the new language to get their ideas across, achieving their communication goals.
-Negotiation of meaning- the trial-and-error process of give-and-take in communication. Non-native speakers may ask for repetition or show confusion in a conversation, which may have the native speaker try and make more sense of the conversation (cues, gestures, pictures, etc.).
-Second language learners acquire language in two ways. 1) elicit requests for clarification, which will require repetition or paraphrasing that is more understandable. 2) As the language learner learns to speak or write, they will have to select grammar, vocabulary, and a linguistic style that best expresses their ideas.]]> 2023-09-17 05:28:47 UTC https://padlet.com/samanthabjerke/wd3vz0z5wlaeo1wl/wish/2707167012