https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr en-us 2023-04-27 03:19:44 UTC 2026-01-18 15:26:29 UTC hello@padlet.com 21003674_3 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569718986 2023-04-27 03:21:48 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569718986 21003674_3 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569719695 2023-04-27 03:22:29 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569719695 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569720965 Prolactinoma is a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. This tumor causes the pituitary gland to make too much of a hormone called prolactin. The major effect of a prolactinoma is decreased levels of some sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.]]> 2023-04-27 03:23:41 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569720965 210021701 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569726510 _{Ovulation: Having too high levels of prolactin can result in irregular cycles of menstrual periods due to hormonal imbalances such as estrogen and progesterone which can alter the ovulation period whereby the mature egg is released from the ovary. High prolactin levels can also result in missed periods--> contributing to infertility as women are not ovulating}  

• irregular (or absent) menstrual period (Amenorrhea)
• signs of menopause (hot flashes and vaginal dryness)
• osteoporosis can occur in the long run as estrogen levels will drop 
• If there is a high amount of prolactin is secreted, it can cause milk discharge from the breast (Galactotthae)
  
  <sub>Accessory Glands:
  mammary glands --> mammary lobes --> alveoli --> mammary tubules --> mammary ducts --> lactiferous ducts --> milk
  
  prolactin can result in the enlargement of breasts due to growth of mammary alveoli, and stimulates the alveolar cells to make milk components. When one has prolactinoma, there will be increased lactation and milk production. In females, prolactinoma will result in milk discharge from breasts of women who are not pregnant.
  
  Women with prolactinoma will experience low levels of estrogen that can cause vaginal dryness which can result in discomfort during sexual intercourse--> reduced libido and excessive hair growth on the body and face.</sub> 
  
  

]]> 2023-04-27 03:29:01 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569726510 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569727126 Fertilized egg will change from a small grouping of cells to a fetus that begins to have human features
1st month:
The body slowly releases more hormones and your uterus prepares for a potential pregnancy. At the end of the 2nd week, your ovary releases an egg, at 3rd week, fertilization occurs where a sperm and egg join and create a zygote. then at 4th week, tiny bundles of cells turns into a blastocyst and implants into your uterine lining
2nd month:
neural tube forms (contains brain, spinal cord and other neural tissue of the CNS) and structures of the baby start to form, eg arms legs etc
week 7: Bones begin replacing soft cartilage and genitals begin to form. At week 8, the umbilical cord is fully developed and helps to transport oxygen and blood to the embryo
transitions from embryo to fetus !
3rd month: 
Teeth and taste buds form, muscles start to form
The arms, hands, fingers, feet and toes are fully formed (no more webbed fingers). Fingernails and toenails begin to develop and start to move and bones are hardening, but its skin is still see-through.
All the organs, limbs, bones and muscles continue to develop in order to become fully functional. The circulatory, digestive and urinary systems are also working and the liver produces bile. The fetus is drinking and peeing amniotic fluid.]]> 2023-04-27 03:29:41 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569727126 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569727655 Excessive production of prolactin from the pituitary due to the tumour will cause a reduction in the production of testosterone as prolactin will interfere with the secretion of GnRH hence there is a lowered stimulation of the anterior pituitary to secrete LH, hence reducing stimulation of leydig cells for production of testosterone--> decreased testosterone which can cause these changes in males:

1) Erectile dysfunction 
2) body and facial hair
3) Smaller muscles
4) Enlarged breasts]]> 2023-04-27 03:30:13 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569727655 210021701 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569732617 In response to some hormones in the body, the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary lobe (Lactotrophs) will secrete prolactin hormones --> stimulate breast milk production. 

Also, in the anterior pituitary lobe, gonadotrophs secrete LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone). --> Both stimulate ovaries (estrogen) and testes (testosterone)

Prolactinomas = functional tumors (mutation on the lactotroph) 
High amounts of prolactin hormones will be produced --> hyperprolactinemia ]]> 2023-04-27 03:35:47 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569732617 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569735860 Females with prolactinoma are usually infertile. The activation of the expression of type 2 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for activating the final step in progesterone production, and the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) on ovarian granulosa cells. Direct prolactin (PRL) also inhibits progesterone and estrogen release from the human ovaries. PRL can also lower estrogen levels by inhibiting ovarian aromatase activity and by preventing the stimulatory effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Although PRL is required for progesterone generation in granulosa cells at low levels (20 ng/ml), it inhibits progesterone production at hyperprolactinemic levels. ]]> 2023-04-27 03:38:57 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569735860 21023121_3 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569736960

_{production of Prolactin will inhibit the production of GnRH from the hypothalamus --> very little to no GnRH being able to stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce and release hormones essential for fertility such as  LH and FSH.} 

_{Since there are little to no amounts of LH and FSH, there will ultimately be a lower level of testosterone produced as well --> Low level of all these hormones --> low sex drive as well as low levels of spermatogenesis in the male's testicles}

_{Low to no spermatogenesis means that there will be a lower sperm count hence, reducing the fertility in the males}

]]> 2023-04-27 03:39:52 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569736960 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569737690 4th month:
Vocal cords form and the fetus’s large head begins to grow proportionate to its body then the fetus’s skin starts to thicken and fine hair begins to grow, external genitals are fully developed and fingerprints begin to form. Organs like intestines and ears move to their permanent location and the lungs begin to develop. The fetus start to hear the mother talk and can react to light by turning away
5th month:
Fetus start to put on fat on skin and is covered with a whitish coating called vernix -- protects fetal skin from long-term exposure to amniotic fluid. It is also covered in lanugo, a peach fuzz-like hair that keeps fetus warm. The area of the brain responsible for its five senses begins to develop.
6th month:
The fetus has bone marrow that helps it produce blood cells
and can can hear the mother's heartbeat, stomach rumble and breathing. At week 23, if born prematurely, the fetus may survive after the 23rd week with intensive care where it will begin rapidly adding fat to its body. At week 24, the fetus’s lungs are fully developed, but not well enough to work outside the uterus.
7th month:
More body fat makes the fetus’s skin less wrinkled and plumper. Its nervous system is quickly maturing. At week 26: The fetus makes melanin and the fetus’ lungs start to make surfactant, a substance that helps it breathe after birth. Then at week 28, fetus may begin turning head-down in your uterus as it gets ready for birth. ]]> 2023-04-27 03:40:34 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569737690 21023121_3 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569738916 Since testosterone levels are also affected, there will also be issues when maintaining the secondary sexual characteristic, hence leading to the the effects mentioned]]> 2023-04-27 03:41:55 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569738916 21003674_3 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569762947 2023-04-27 04:07:58 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569762947 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569764193

Loss of interest in sex associated with low levels of testosterone.

Erectile dysfunction (ED).

Infertility.

Enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia).

Milky discharge from the nipples (galactorrhea).

]]> 2023-04-27 04:09:26 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569764193 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569772034 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521690X11000649 ]]> 2023-04-27 04:19:06 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569772034 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569785954 8th month:
The fetus can control its own body heat. Its brain is maturing and growing rapidly. The fetus can process more information and stimuli. The fetus’s skin isn’t translucent anymore. Other than the lungs and brain, most other organs are well-formed and ready for birth.
9th month:
The fetus’s bones are hardening, with exception of its brain, which needs to be soft to descend the birth canal. The vernix that protects the fetus’s skin starts to get thicker and loses its lanugo and has hair on its head.
10th month:
baby is ready to be birthed]]> 2023-04-27 04:33:45 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569785954 210021701 https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569794504 2023-04-27 04:41:43 UTC https://padlet.com/21003674_3/wd2rvpj7p0itivkr/wish/2569794504