Postoperative swelling, excesssive Haemorrhage, eventration, funiculitis, peritonitis, hydrocele, penile damage and continued stallion behaviour.

Positives of Castration:

Less stallion like behaviour, no worry of accidental pregnancy, better in groups when castrated.

How to reduce risk of complications:

Make sure that the horse is healthy before the procedure, six month or more since their last vaccination, they are provided antibiotics to try and help prevent infection, keep them in a sterile environment whilst they are healing.

Guinea pigs can be neutered from 12 to 16 weeks.

For female guinea pigs the surgery is best through bilateral flanks as prevents insicon from getting infected from hay or straw and the ground.

For female guinea pigs it helps to prevent pyometra, pseudocyesis, mammary tumours and reproductive cancers.

For males the best way would be through the abdomen as it reduces scrotal fat abscess and imflaamation.

Castration at an early age for males helps prevent behavioural issues between them selves and population control.

Anaesthesia would be needed for this procedure, while they are under they usually urinate so a unripe sample would be taken to assess the metabolic status of the guinea pig.

After the surgery fluids are very important and can be given orally, subcutaneously, intravenously or even intravenously. When at home it is best to use the oral method as it is the easiest. They need 50ml/kg a day for maintenance and given 2 times a day to correct the dehydration.

Why should I spay my rabbit?:

• No unwanted babies! Rabbits can have multiple litters a year (including 2 at the same time), and most of these litters have up to 10 babies! Rabbits can get pregnant very young, and also very easily (literally hours after giving birth) and it has been seen if you have female rabbits kept outside that they have mated with male wild rabbits and ended up pregnant!

• Reduction of risk of reproductive organ disorders commonly found in unneutered rabbits such as Uterine Carcinomas, Ovarian and Mammary Tumours, Pyometra, Endometrial Hypoplasia

• Reduced risk of pseudopregnancy "Phantom Pregnancy" - can be a very distressing time for both rabbit and owner. It is common for rabbits to pull their hair out to help line their nests, they may exhibit a change in behaviour, become more aggressive and protective over their space (and nest)

I have a pair of rabbits but one needs to come in for a spay - will this break their bond?:

• Most good vets that are skilled in rabbit spays will understand the importance of keeping bonded rabbits together and should allow you to bring their friend with them in order to try to minimise this risk

I've heard General Anaesthetic is a very dangerous for rabbits? Is this true?:

• It is true that anaesthetising a rabbit can be more difficult than other companion animals as they are prey animals and very good at hiding any other underlying health issues that may affect the anaesthetics, as well as being very susceptible to stress and hypothermia.

• This is why it is important to choose a vet that has experience with rabbits and has the correct set up to make them as comfortable as possible before the operation.

• Pre-op bloods are also important in rabbit anaesthesia to make sure that we can pick up any underlying problems that may affect your rabbits ability to recover from anaesthetic.

At what age can I spay my rabbit?

• Vets normally recommend that rabbits get spayed at around 6 months old, but it depends on the vet and on the size of your rabbit.

Do I need to starve my rabbit before surgery?

• No! Rabbits need constant movement of their gut so you do not need to starve them before surgery.

How easy is post-op care?

• It is important to keep your rabbit comfortable and warm after surgery. If you have another rabbit that likes to play, you may have to keep them separate (whilst still being able to see each other) for a few days just so they can begin to recover nicely. It is also important to make sure that your rabbit is eating and moving their gut (pooping) - if they're not you should contact your vet straight away!