Jaz, 28/07/2021    by, Jaz, & Also. (2021, September 30). Africa before transatlantic enslavement. Black History Month 2023. https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/history-of-slavery/africa-before-transatlantic-enslavement/#:~:text=In%20most%20parts%20of%20Africa,extensive%20regional%20and%20international%20links.

Summary: The scholarly article “Africa before Transatlantic Enslavement” provides information on Africa before the 1500’s. It goes into debt about how Africa was before it was colonized. And educates is readers on slavery in Africa before the 7th and 15th century. In this article it mentions Africas early achievements, traditions, and trading systems. Where it includes how religion was developed in different parts of the continent.

Connection: This article connects well with “Grade 8 - Term 3: The Scramble for Africa: late 19th century”. Because my research paper is practically a timeline about Africa. And since this article revolves around the late 19th century it would help my transition to my next topic go smoothly without clashing. 

My research: I will be using the article “Africa before Transatlantic Enslavement” because it helps answer one of my research questions which is “What was Africa like before the Europeans colonized the continent?”. Since this article provides a lot of information on the history of Africa it will help build the first paragraph of my research paper. Making it easier to transition to my next topic which is “What caused the Europeans to succeed in the colonization in Africa?”

Grade 8 - term 3: The scramble for Africa: Late 19th century. South African History Online. (n.d.). https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/grade-8-term-3-scramble-africa-late-19th-century#:~:text=The%20European%20countries%20were%20able,most%20powerful%20within%20their%20tribes.

Summary: The scholarly article “Grade 8 - Term 3: The Scramble for Africa: late 19th century” is about the colonization of Africa and how it was part of its global European process. In this article it explains why the Europeans wanted to colonize Africa. And educates its readers by providing information on which countries went to colonized certain parts of Africa. It explains how the Europeans rapidly colonizing Africa. As well as how their trading system worked and the results of it. 

Connection: The next piece that connects well after this one it the scholarly article “The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry”. The article explains how the American slaveholders developed slave breeding as a way to sell more slaves in the market. The reason this connects together is to walk through the timeline of Africa, Slavery, and the effects of slavery, to help get towards present day history. 

My research: This article is important to my research because it answers my second most important question. Which is “What caused the Europeans to succeed in the colonization in Africa?” Without this piece of information my research paper wouldn’t be able to continue. Because every action had a reasoning behind it. And if I do not provide that reasoning my research paper timeline will begin to overlap different events. 

Pritchett, Jonathan B. “The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry. By Ned and Constance Sublette. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2016. 752 Pages. $35.00, Hardback.” The Journal of Economic History 77, no. 4 (2017): 1243–44. doi:10.1017/S0022050717000882.

Summary: This scholarly article “The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry.” Is about the slaves taken to America that were forced into breeding to increase the slave trade and workers throughout the South. It provides details on how a lot of slaveholders were not documenting the inhumane acts of slave breeding due to their reprehensible nature. This led to a lack of supporting evidence concluding that slaveholders rarely bred slaves for sale. 

Connection: The article that connects with this one is “The Historical Legacy of Black Family Reunions.” Due to African Americans not knowing much about their family tree due to slavery. The reason this connects together is because it showcases the effects slavery has had on the African American descendants of slaves. 

My research: This article will help build my research paper by answering my third important question. Which is “How did slavery affect Africa descendants in America?”. Although slavery is the cause for African Americans not knowing their ancestry. We try to piece together the family members we do know to help grow our family tree. 

Summary: The article “The Historical Legacy of Black Family Reunions” is about how family reunions is an important rituals in African American families that was heavily enmeshed in American slavery. It explains how slaves that had children did not have rights to keep their child. And once slavery ended many people that suffered from separation went searching for their relatives. By using their parents slave name to find them or by using their last names. This article informs readers that till modern day African Americans still have family reunions due to family separation due to slavery. 

Connection: This article connects with “African Traditions”. The reason behind this is because many people misunderstand African Americans. In modern society people wonder why African Americans are moved by music, dance, art, and sense of style. Which is due to our African roots.  

My research: I will be including this article in my research paper because it shows the long term effects slave breeding had on African Americans. Not only that but this article also helps answer my fourth question. Which is “How did slavery affect African descendants in America?”

Summary: The article “African Traditions” explains African traditions as well as the meaning behind different pitches in one’s voice. It explains that Africans view the drum as a heartbeat. And that the rhythm provokes dancing which is used to express emotions. In this article it explains that African masks that are worn in dances are religious, ceremonial and functional origins. The article even goes into depth about beaded bracelets and the meaning of how Africans would wear them. 

Connection: The article then passes down to the “cilvil rights leaders” article. The reason it’s transitioning to this topic is because these African American hero’s helped shape a better society for people of color due to their bravery. And it goes on to explain how they encouraged African Americans to fight for equality in the United States. 

My research: This article is relevant to my research because it teaches my audience about Africa culture and traditions. You will learn why music is important to African people as well as African Americans. Not only that this article will help African Americans understand themselves. 

Summary: The scholarly article “Cilvil Rights Leaders” informs readers about each African American who helped fight for the people of color to be giving equal rights. In this article you will learn about W.E.B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, and many other hero’s you may have never heard of. This article is about the work of people who stood up to discrimination and white supremacy. And inspire us to continue to fight for our future.

Connection: This article connects with the book “Epistemic Freedom in Africa”. Because it also talks about the fight against the epistemic line that haunts the twenty-first century. And can be used to continue the transition towards the end on the timeline as we reach the twenty first century.

My research: I will be using this article to educate not only myself but my readers on more freedom fighters. Also this article will be answering the question “What lead to the development of the African American freedom fighters?” Which will help reshape the view of the reader.

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2018). Epistemic Freedom in Africa (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429492204

Summary: The article “Epistemic Freedom in Africa” is about the struggle of African people. And the twenty-first century descendants of enslaved Africans. That was born into a systemic crises. Where African Americans must come together to fight for justice. And make a stance proclaiming they are human beings and that their lives matter.

Connection: This connects with the article “Black Lives Matter at 10 years: 8 ways the movement has been highly effective.” Because it goes into detail about how African Americans across the United States come together. To fight for equality against police brutality and injustice in America against people of color. 

My research: I will be using this book to help guide me in my writing. And answer one of my research questions which is “How did African Americans revived their history?” And merge my information with its connections.

Summary: The article “Black Lives Matter at 10 years: 8 ways the movement has been highly effective.” speaks on how deeply embedded anti-blackness is within the cultural pallet of the United States. As well as the George Zimmerman case that was ruled as self-defense. This article sparks conversations about racism, profiling, and court rulings. All while providing example to why Black Lives Matter is important and why it was created. 

Connection: This article is connected to the article titled “Black Lives Matter tops list of groups that Black Americans see as helping them most in recent years.” The reason it is connected because this article provides data on black organizations that has helped African Americans. And it provides information on how African Americans feel. 

My research: This article will be used to help answer another question used in my research paper. Which is “What made African Americans come together to fight for racial justice?” And this article provides great insight on that.

Summary: The article “Black Lives Matter tops list of groups that Black Americans see as helping them most in recent years”. Is an analysis based article that shows the percentage of African-American people who thinks Black Lives Matter is currently more effective than the older organizations that was set for African Americans in the past. This article is a demonstration on African American opinions. It shows data from pat surveys and provide information on how they collected their information. In the article you can see that African Americans think the Barack Obama was an important black leader in the United States.

Connection: This article connects with “BLACK LIVES MATTER PROTESTS: WHAT’S BEEN ACHIEVED SO FAR”. Because it brings the research paper to an end by taking the audience to present day. And show them the impact African Americans has made in America.

My research: I will use this in my research to provide data. The details in this article can help show my readers what African Americans think about certain topics. And it will hopefully connect with a reader. 

(Scholarly)

Summary: This scholarly article is about the recent achievements Black Lives Matter has made for African Americans so far. Major changes has been made in the police department, government, education system, entertainment industry, and more. For example police reform which led to Louisville, Kentucky, banning the kind of the no knock search warrant that led to Breonna Taylor’s death. Racist relics which let to Mississippi changing their state flag from the confederate flag. And the education system closing racial gaps among students and reform the way they hire and train staff.

connection: This article will be the last source I use for my research paper. That way I stop the timeline in the present. Then one day someone can use my research paper to continue writing more historical information about African Americans and our progress in America.

My research: I will be using this article in my research paper to inform my readers about the impact Black Live Matter had in society. This article is for educational purposes and strictly meant to inform those reading. I will use this article to close off my research paper and hopefully provide a great ending.