• Trade and commerce, or
• Invasions, expansions and war 

Richard Mulcaster - foreign words were borrowed ‘either of pure necessitie in new matters, or of mere brauerie...' 

• The Latin term can be ‘borrowed’ in its entirety into English, Borrowing
• The Latin word can be translated element for element into English. Calque
• A new English word can be invented. Coinage
• An existing word can have its meaning extended so that it acquires. Conversion

• Combination of two or more free morphemes 
• Predominantly nouns – (sheep-brand, waterdock, Frenchwoman, freshman, scrape-penny)

• belly/ventral (fiction 1693, medicine 1695),

• book/bibliography (religious miscellany 1664), 

• egg/ovum (biology 1672), 

• naked/nudity (zoology 1607), 

• saying/dictum (poetry 1586), 

• sun/heliocentric (travel, 1667).

• Deriving one word from another without changing the form
  • Nouns to Verbs ( to bayonet, to gossip, to invoice)
  • Adjectives to nouns (an ancient, a brisk)
  • Verbs to nouns (an invite, a laugh) 

• The arrival of a large stock of new words mainly from French and Latin 
• A great many amounts of OE words died out

-  After 1250, the upper class transferred much of their French governmental and administrative vocabulary, their ecclesiastical, legal, and military terms, familiar words of fashion, food, and social life, the vocabulary of art, learning, and medicine into English. (Baugh & Cable, 2005) 

• Fundamental terms such as crown, state, empire, realm, reign
• The word office and the titles of many offices like chancellor, treasurer, chamberlain, marshal, governor, councilor
• Most designations of ranks such as noble, peer, prince, princess, duke, duchess, count, countess
• Titles of respect like sir, madam, mistress. 

• religion, sermon, baptism, confession 

• justice, equity, judgments, crime, sue, plead, felony, trespass, assault 

• army, navy, peace, combat, arms, soldier and names of officers like captain, lieutenant

• fashion, dress, lace, embroidery, kerchief, adorn, blue, vermillion, jewel, ruby, diamond 

• dinner, feast, appetite, taste, fish, salmon, gravy, salad, beef, pork, plate 

•  curtain, chair, quilt, towel, garner, wardrobe, recreation, jollity, dance, carol, music, chess, conversation

• art, sculpture, music, color, image, beauty

• cathedral, palace, mansion, tower, cloister

• poet, prose, rime, story, tragedy, title

•  treatise, compilation, study, logic, geometry, grammar, noun, clause

• physician, surgeon, distemper, pain, remedy, balm, ointment, poison

Terms relating to law, medicine, theology, science, and literature, were often justified in the beginning by technical or professional use and later acquired a wider application (Bough & Cable, 2005)

•  Latin contributed also with several suffixes

• Some survived native affixes like -ship (friendship), for- (forsake), and with- (withstand) lost their productiveness.
• Certain affixes which are still productive today, like -hood, over- and under-, plunged into comparative inactivity for a time after the Norman Conquest. 

• Impact of Germanic language family

With - Wiþ
Drink - Drincan
Question - fræġn

• Nominative - bāt (the boat)
• Accusative - bāt (the boat)
• Dative - bāte (to the boat)
• Genitive - bātes (of the boat)