Defense Mechanisms: These are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality in order to defend against feelings of anxiety and unacceptable impulses.

2) Type of Answers Provided:

Psychodynamic approaches provide insight into how early life experiences, unconscious motivations, and conflicts influence behavior.

They offer explanations for the mental processes that underlie symptoms and behaviors, suggesting that present difficulties are rooted in unresolved past conflicts.

3) Most Basic Facts:

The existence of the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.

The developmental impact of early childhood experiences.

The role of defense mechanisms in protecting the individual from psychological distress.

The dynamic interplay between the id, ego, and superego in shaping personality.

4) Limits of These Perspectives:

Empirical Evidence: Some of the concepts in psychodynamic theory, such as the Oedipus complex and the emphasis on sexual drives, lack empirical support and are considered untestable by some.

Overemphasis on the Unconscious: Critics argue that the psychodynamic approach may overemphasize the unconscious mind's role at the expense of recognizing conscious thought and environmental factors.

Cultural and Gender Bias: Freud's theories were developed in a different era with different social norms and values, which can lead to cultural and gender biases in the interpretation of behavior.

Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as "how people think, perceive, remember, and learn." As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this psychological perspective focuses on the way people process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (what behaviorists would call stimuli), and how this treatment leads to responses. Here are some of the most fundamental concepts upon which the field of cognitive psychology is built:

1. Information Processing

2. Mental Representations

3. Memory

4. Perception

5. Problem Solving and Decision Making

6. Cognitive Development

(2) These distinctions collaborate together to form a holistic understanding of how certain human behaviours affect one's cognitive processes. Another assumption grounded in the theory is that genes mutate within the gene pool due to a particular stimuli; those advantageous get passed down through natural selection.

• Holistic education - humanistic education looks at the whole individual and includes emotional, social, and cognitive development.

• Democratic and collaborative learning - Humanistic classrooms feature democratic decision-making processes and cooperative learning experiences.

• Critical Thinking and Creativity - Encouraging students to think critically and creatively is a key aspect of humanistic education, enabling them to become independent thinkers

These approaches are not exclusively borrowed but are influenced by other sources.

• Philosophy - The ideas of existentialism and phenomenology have influenced humanistic approaches, emphasizing personal choice and experience.

  • existentialism: the philosophical belief we are each responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our own lives

• Psychology - the philosophical belief we are each responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our own lives

• Cultural influences - The humanistic approach is also shaped by broader cultural movements that emphasize individual rights, personal growth, and social responsibility.

The study of cognitive psychology has the tendency to oversimplify complex emotional and irrational human behaviour. This oversimplification of the human cognition does not fully provide an insight into the position that social and cultural factors have on cognition. A prevalent social factor  that influences one’s cognition process is ‘conformity bias’. Conformity bias is defined as one’s inclination to change their behaviour or beliefs to “fit in” with others. An example of the conformity bias is: a specific bracelet is trending so more and more people buy said bracelet to “fit in” since it’s currently popular in society. 

Question 3: What are the most basic facts of this view upon which other facts can be built?

The basic facts in this view are that the pressure to reproduce and survive can affect our psychological adaptations. This is an idea that our ancestors developed new processes in order to survive in their environment.

These adaptions are now apart of human genetics. Natural selection is the theory that Charles Darwin suggested. It is a theory that argues that humans have now arrived at their current state due to the characteristics and processes developed by their ancestors.

Question 4: What are the limits of these perspectives? create a post with a summary, an image or video to assist with your responses

A limit of this perspective would be that these theories are difficult to measure and that most of these theories are based on Charles Darwin's theory of Natural selection. As this theory was introduced in 1859, many of the ideas relating or based on this theory may be outdated. New theories rise over time and replace older theories as many theories are based off of behaviours that were observed over time. These behaviours may change as we humans evolve so newer theories may be more relevant to modern times.

This branch of psychology also does not address how the environment we grow up in (individual experiences) could influence our evolution or growth. Cultural (and social) aspects that could influence human behaviour and different traditions are also not considered in this branch of psychology. This theory also fails to address the fact that genetics can have a direct correlation on aspects of our behaviour.

The psychological concept cognition alows us to answer the questions of how human thought proccess and decision making works. Humans have constantly strived to understand the unknown and cnition is no exception. Understanding human cognitive proccess allows us to uncover better ways to think, define judicial laws, and redefine education an mprove many otherconcepts.

1. Attention: This is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention is crucial for information processing and is often seen as the gateway to cognition.

2. Perception: Perception involves interpreting sensory information to represent and understand the environment. It is how we make sense of the sensory data we receive from our senses.

3. Memory:

   • Short-term memory: Also known as working memory, this is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a short period.

   • Long-term memory: This is the continuous storage of information. It includes both declarative (explicit) memory, such as facts and events, and procedural (implicit) memory, such as skills and tasks.

4. Learning: Cognition involves learning, which is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences. Learning can occur through various methods, such as observation, experience, instruction, and practice.

5. Problem Solving: This cognitive process involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue.

6. Decision Making: Cognition is involved in decision making, which is the process of selecting a course of action from multiple alternatives. This process can be rational and systematic or intuitive.

7. Emotion and Cognition: Emotions can affect various cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and decision-making.

Holistic Approach:

• Responses would not only address the academic question; they would take into account the full individual, including their feelings, opinions, and experiences. This method recognises the individual's development and sense of fulfilment as a necessary component of learning.

Empathy and Understanding:

• In order to comprehend and affirm the user's perspective and emotional condition, responses would be developed with empathy. The goal is to provide a learning atmosphere that is encouraging and free from judgement.

Encouragement of Self-Exploration:

• As part of the educational process, the answers would prompt individuals to consider their own views, values, and concepts, encouraging self-discovery and reflection.

Focus on personal meaning:

• By relating academic material to a person's life and goals, responses would assist users in finding personal significance and relevance in the material.

Emphasis on Self-Efficacy:

• By increasing user's self-efficacy- the belief in their own capacity to learn, solve issues, and make decisions- answer would seek to empower users.

Non-Directive Guidance:

• Responses that encourage users to come to their own conclusions or solutions rather than giving them straight answers might help them become more independent and develop critical thinking skills.

Positive Regard:

• regardless of the user's enquiry or degree of understanding, all replies would be given with unconditional positive regard, demonstrating respect and acceptance for them.

• Inherent Goodness: The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from variation from this natural tendency.

• Self - Actualisation: Achieving one's full potential and fulfill their own unique purpose

• Holistic perspective: It is based on beliefs that we are whole beings with combining of all the aspects of an individual: mind (mental), body (physical) and spirit (emotional and spiritual connections)

• Free will: Humans are able to make their own decision, have choice on how we behave and it is not determined by the external factors (biological or environmental)

• Personal Growth and development: Focuses on individual potential growth and it emphasises the importance of development and self - actualisation.

These foundational facts of humanistic psychology that provide the preliminary work for deeper understanding of human development, personality and motivation.

1. Resource Intensive: Humanistic approaches often require smaller class sizes and more teacher attention per student, which can be difficult to implement in schools with limited resources.

2. Assessment Challenges: Standardized testing and traditional assessment methods may not effectively measure the personal growth and development aspects emphasized by humanistic education.

3. Subjectivity: The focus on individual experiences and personal growth can lead to subjective interpretations of educational success, making it harder to establish clear, objective standards.

4. Overemphasis on Individualism: The strong focus on individual needs and self-actualization may overlook the importance of community, cooperation, and collective responsibility in education.

   Despite these limitations, many educators incorporate elements of humanistic approaches into their teaching to create a more student-centered and empathetic learning environment. Balancing humanistic principles with the demands of standardized curricula and assessments remains a challenge for educators.