solidify its dominance

secure second place

be in the last place

rise to first place

neck and neck with = on a par with= reach parity with

ascend/ rise to the top positon/ be evelvated to

gradually descend to = be dethroned by = be relegated to = lose ground to

marginally/ ahead by a narrow margin

drop to third place

rank/ position higher/lower than

come in second

rank ahead of

overtake/ outperform/ surpass/ outpace/ leapfrog/ overshadow/ outclass

lag behind = struggle to climb to a higher ranking

rankings fluctuate significantly

secure a lower/ higher standing

represent/ account for/ comprise of/ constitute

of the total/ of the overall N ( budget, expenditure, spending,... )

the largest share of sth (spending)

quadruple : increase 4 times

similar/ equal/ comparable allocations

reallocate spending

offset by/ at the expense/ cost of : bù trừ cho

pecking order/ hierarchy

• One school of thought holds that / There is a common / prevailing belief

• while others are adamant that S V/ champion + N

• analyse both stances/closely examine both viewpoints

• before concluding that I agree with/ align with/ side with/ lean towards the former / the latter

• before showing my final thoughts/ offering a balanced perspective on the issue

• On one hand / Admittedly / Granted, it is understandable/ there are compelling reasons / good grounds for the belief

• Notwithstanding / Despite the aforementioned arguments, I am convinced that SV / it is my firm conviction that SV

• From my perspective, a balanced view should be adopted. …

• In conclusion, while acknowledging the reasons behind the belief that SV (40), I would contend / argue that SV (60)

• In conclusion, while there are justifications / valid reasons for the belief that SV, I would contend that SV

• the increasing reliance on social media

• erode/ undermine/ struggle with face to face communication skills = fundamental social skills = essential interpersonal skills

• engage in digital communication

•  in-person interactions = real-time conversations

• lack the emotional depth and non-verbal cues/ emotional cues

• accessibility of learning materials

• accommodate different learning styles

• on the brink of extinction: Amur Leopard

• extinct: Dodo and the Passenger Pigeon

• reverse the damage done = make recovery difficult

• permanently alters ecosystems

• accelerated the loss of biodiversity to a point where the window of opportunity for intervention has passed

• successful recovery of the California Condor

• captive breeding programs and reintroduction into the wild

• habitat restoration projects, rehabilitation of wetlands and coral reefs

• resurgence of biodiversity

• human-induced deforestation

• timely and coordinated efforts

•  implement meaningful solutions

• intervene stems from the alarming extent of environmental degradation that has already occurred

•  compounding = adding these threats

• disrupting natural habitats and ecological stability

• coral bleaching (san hô bị tẩy trắng)

• offer refuge to vulnerable species

• multilateral agreements ( Paris Accord)

• it is premature to declare defeat

• The path forward requires resolve and cooperation

• the opportunity for recovery still exists, and must be seized without delay

• inclusive educational environment = mixed-ability classrooms >< exclusive, ability-based settings

• students of varying levels

• tailor lessons to ( align more closely with ) the specific needs

• bolster student confidence

• inclusive model mirrors the real world = reflection of real-world dynamics

• recognize and appreciate the unique strengths and perspectives

• far outweigh the costs

• fostering harmful labeling effects

• Students placed in lower streams

• internalize a sense of inadequacy

• negative self-perception

• correlation (sự tương quan) / link between the well-being of individuals and food choices/ dietary choices

• escalating into (tiến triển) social discontentment

• uphill task / monumental task

• developing and economically strained / impoverished countries such as Vietnam or South Sudan

• given the leeway/ freedom/ autonomy to

• daily monitoring and supervising individuals' food intake

• laws pertaining to (liên quan tới) nutrition and food choices/ food-related

• implement large-scale policies and regulations

• curbing pollution at its source/ ROOTS

• setting national environmental standards

• Daily actions, when multiplied across millions of people

• powerful tools to hold governments and corporations accountable

• take the lead in creating frameworks and incentives

• The synergy between top-down policies and bottom-up actions

• no one-size-fits-all answer to this question = no definitive answer

• the most suitable choice depends on individual goals, career aspirations, and circumstances

• place a premium = priority on hands-on experience

• Internships or entry-level positions

• emerge as leading contributors to ...

• progressive drop/ increase

• a steep pullback = steep reduction

• arrivals = tourists

• enjoy better compensation

• juggle multiple jobs = various income streams

• instituting/imposing a salary limit

• mitigate the income disparity

• engage in illicit activities driven by financial disparities

• in pursuit of (mưu cầu) better financial opportunities

• be strategically allocated to critical sectors

• prominent conglomerate: tập đoàn lớn

• see fit = see reasonable

• This view is often predicated = predicted on the belief

• drying up of rivers and the depletion of underground aquifers

• be easier said than done

• the extreme opposition of many to this policy

• anticipates positive changes = confer upon humans numerous benefit

• the automation of repetitive tasks

• streamline the automobile manufacturing processes

• reduced heavy workloads

•  revolutionize healthcare

• skeptics express concerns about the potential risks associated with

• malicious purposes: cyberattacks and surveillance

• proceed with caution

• holds promise for: hứa hẹn

• its deployment = its use

• governments and regulatory bodies

• a daunting and prohibitively expensive task

• beyond the financial reach

• government's stretched budget

• divert funds from crucial sectors

• The idea/concept of … (N/Ving) is becoming more popular/is gaining more popularity/is gaining more traction/is gaining momentum in various countries/ in previous generations. 

• There has been an ongoing trend / a growing trend towards sb (chỉ người) Ving.

Thesis:

• While this has admittedly certain benefits, I would contend that these are outweighed / overshadowed by the drawbacks. (cons > pros)

• While this has admittedly certain benefits, I would contend that this is a largely / predominantly (phần lớn/nhìn chung) a negative development

Body 1:

• On the one hand/ Granted/Admittedly, … can be advantageous / beneficial to a certain extent. One significant benefit is that

• Admittedly, proponents / advocates / supporters of … often cite/ concern (negative)

• Nevertheless, the aforementioned advantages are questionable at best/are highly doubtful. …

Body 2:

• On the other hand, I am convinced that the aforementioned advantages pale in significance when compared to the drawbacks of …

• Notwithstanding/Despite the aforementioned benefits, I am convinced that this trend has come with a litany (variety) of (-) problems/this trend is riddled with a litany of problems (negative)

• One legitimate / valid (chính đáng) concern revolves around (xoay quanh) Noun / One legitimate concern is that SV …

Conclusion

• In conclusion, despite certain benefits of …, I am of the opinion/I am adamant that its drawbacks are far/much more pronounced/significant/glaring, including N

  
  

•  job-hopping trend: trend nhảy việc

• transient workers = job-hopper -> less appealing candidates for roles requiring profound expertise/ high specialization

• erosion of expertise

• committed for the long haul

• benefits/ perks of the previous occupation : promotion opportunities, salary increments, insurance coverage, loyalty bonuses, or comprehensive retirement plans

• tenure: nhiệm kỳ làm việc

• achieve mastery / perfection in a certain field

• dedicated years of consistent training, eg: doctors, lawyers

• get acquainted with a new working environment / new colleagues / team dynamics

• accumulate / gain new working experience + new skills

• align better with their personal and professional goals

• expand social network

• multidisciplinary approach to problem-solving

• upskilling: training

• a positive force for modern career development

• flexible internal mobility policies

• the world of sports

• detract from the authenticity of sports

• extensive display of corporate logos on players' uniforms and stadiums => overshadow the event

• prioritizing commercial interests over the well-being of athletes and the integrity of competitions => distort the nature development of sports

• the backing of multinational companies

• emerging players like Naomi Osaka and Carlos Alcaraz

  
  

• entrust responsibility/undertaking to teachers

• self-teaching

• relieved from soaring costs of tuition

• freely tailor curriculums

•  personalized / individualized experience

• offset/surpass/exceed the savings from avoiding school tuition fees

• pedagogical skills

• forgo a full-time job: hi sinh công việc full-time

• socially inept

  
  

• obtain connections as well as update news

• heavy/excessive reliance on social media for communication and news

• transformed / reshaped / revolutionized (định hình) global communication

• empowering people from different parts of the world to not only instantly connect, but also remain in contact with others, regardless of geographical barriers.

• conducive to the dissemination of news

• events/affairs from every corner of the globe

• broadcasted swiftly

• accumulating hundreds of ‘friends’ or ‘followers’ with a simple click often results in connections lacking depth and authenticity/intimacy

• breeding grounds of misinformation

• unverified news can be circulated (quay vòng) promptly

• In tandem with this

• influx of updates

• erosion of privacy

• personal data is frequently harvested and sold

  
  

• isolated/far-off/far-flung/ remote/ less accessible regions and communities

• delicate ecosystems -> disturbances in wildlife: fragile coral reefs

• bring in revenue for the community

• commercialization of their culture

• eroding the community's cultural identity and heritage

• Authenticity may be diluted or lost altogether: South America

• misrepresenting or oversimplifying their rich traditions

• displacement of local communities: Venice

• ancestral lands

• influx = exodus

• call these regions home = local

• robust regulatory frameworks in place: Bhutan

• high-value, low-impact tourism policy

• fund environmental conservation programs and community development projects

• monetizing remote destinations

  eg:  Machu Picchu, Peru

• a welcome development

• promotes equality/ social justice and inclusivity

• a wealth of experience and institutional knowledge

•  operational efficiency and competitiveness.

• reducing morale

• expanding their workforce or investing in new opportunities

Intro:

• Recent years have witnessed ... [N_phrase / phenomenon]. This essay attempts to outline / shed light on the underlying reasons behind this phenomenon before proposing some viable/workable solutions to alleviate/address it.

Body 1:

• There are two main / primary reasons / factors leading to /contributing to N // There are two main reasons explaining why SV (mainstream)

• (N_phrase / phenomenon) can stem from / originate from/ can be attributed to/be ascribed to (bắt nguồn) / can be traced to two main reasons. One primary reason / Chief among these is that … This is because … In addition to this/Additionally, …

Body 2:

• In order to address the aforementioned problem, the following steps should be taken / implemented. Chief / Foremost among these / One significant / crucial step could be that … This is because … Aside from that /Beyond that, …

Conclusion:

• In conclusion, … (nguyên nhân / factors) give rise to (-) / lead to (+, -) … (hiện tượng). However, this issue is still positively soluble, but not without … / this issue is far from insoluble, but not without … 

  (đúng và đủ)

  => However, this issue is far from insoluble, but not without government intervention. / without the collaboration of individuals and governments. 

• leftovers

• buffet establishments/restaurants

• concerted / mutual efforts are required / necessitated

• robust government regulations

• grappling/ juggling with inefficiency of supply chains: lack of infrastructure: storage facilities and inadequate transportation networks

• losses in agricultural produce: thiếu hụt nông sản

  eg: Nigeria

• stringent aesthetic standards/misaligned aesthetic standards

  eg: US

• strategic investments in infrastructure

• support package: gói hỗ trợ từ các tổ chức, các nước phát triển = international support

• cold storage units and improved transportation networks:

  eg: US - Save Food Initiative

• food distribution networks

• spearheading (v) this change: Australia - 'Odd Bunch' campaign by Woolworths

• forsake health-enhancing activities

• The declining/dwindling/waning popularity of sports

• fast-paced nature of the modern era

• keep up with the hustle and bustle of life

• activities beyond work and personal interests

• Worse still: tệ hơn thế

• indulge themselves in personal hobbies from the comfort of their homes

• requisite (cần thiết)

• cradle: cái nôi

• galvanize / guide

• actions from many parties/stakeholders/camps (các bên)

• the low turnout/ percentage of visitors

  =  the underrepresentation of local residents

• a deeper connection between locals and their heritage

• partner (v) with

• financially viable

• operating on tight budgets

• implementing tiered pricing

  
  

• staple

• virtual experiences

• entertainment value

• excessive computer gaming

• prolonged periods in front of screens

•  long-term vision problems, such as myopia

• desensitize children to aggression

• hostile behavior

• not interfere with essential tasks

• maintain a balance between recreation and responsibility

• age-appropriate games: educational or adventure-based games

• align with their children’s development and values

• 
  

Intro:

• Recent years have witnessed ...

  • This essay attempts to outline the underlying reasons behind this phenomenon before concluding that this trend is largely disadvantageous for both individuals and the society.

  • This essay will first outline the underlying reasons behind this trend before arguing that it is a largely / predominantly negative development. 

Body 1:

• … can be attributed to two main factors. Chief among these … This is because … In addition to this, … This means that …

Body 2:

• Although S V / Despite Ving/Noun …, I am convinced that they come at the expense of more pronounced problems. The primary concern is that … Worse still, …

Conclusion:

• In conclusion, … is largely driven by factors such as ... Notwithstanding certain benefits, this trend should be seen as a negative, with all the problems of … (Ving/N)

• everyday/daily discussions revolving around (xoay quanh) financial matters =  the upward trajectory (xu hướng)/ trend of discussing personal finances in daily conversations

• Skyrocketing expenses

• created a climate/situation where

• engage in financial dialogues

• share their economic woes (than vãn)

• ubiquitous/widespread/pervasive influence of social media

• amplified (thổi phồng) the prevalence/popularity of money-related discussions= constant money-centric conversations

• flaunting their possessions (tài sản) and lavish lifestyles

• pen discourse about income and expenditures is not only normalized but also encouraged.

• enhancing financial literacy and enabling informed financial decisions

• come at the cost/expense of (đánh đổi) more profound issues/come at the expense of a litany of (-) problems.

• stronger emphasis on material wealth = unhealthy fixation/emphasis on material wealth

• prioritize financial success over more meaningful aspects of life

• This is further compounded/exacerbated by the potential repercussions / consequences

• on a broader/grander scale

• societal divide (phân cực xã hội) based on economic status.

• propelled by/can be ascribed to/driven by

• precipitate (đẩy mạnh hơn ~ accelerate) negative social consequences.

• skin rejuvenation treatments

• maintain a youthful appearance = turn back the clock

• the onset of wrinkles or graying hair

• capitalizing on people's insecurities about aging

• sagging skin or crow’s feet

• confidence and self-worth are tied to a youthful look

• inundated with

• portray individuals with freckles or wrinkles as less confident >< boundless confidence of those with smooth, youthful skin

• relentless marketing strategies= manipulative marketing tactics

• driving up sales

• deliver miraculous results

• bold claims and widespread popularity

• proliferation of unregulated beauty salons

• lacking proper certification in cosmetic treatments = unqualified practitioners

• patrons of such establishments: những người thường xuyên lui tới các cơ sở

• botched procedures: quy trình sai sót

• undergo costly corrective surgeries

•  impulse buying

• sense of urgency among potential buyers

• clear old inventory

• targeting specific demographics with tailored ads

• promoting visually appealing products

• grew exponentially

• influencer marketing

• scalable

• emphasizing unique selling points

• improving and differentiating their offerings

• build strong customer loyalty

• maintain a competitive edge

• loyal customer base

• maintain their market position

• aligns with their specific needs

• rise in income levels

• access to modern technologies

• higher incomes and a more stable infrastructure

• strong focus on material success and career achievement

• constant pursuit of wealth and status

• feelings of burnout, isolation, and dissatisfaction: JP, US

• work-life balance, mental health awareness, and community-buildin

• personal well-being and social cohesion

• 
  

• science and technology are rapidly advancing

• scientific discoveries and technological innovations

• insights into the human experience

• provide a unique lens through which we can explore emotions, creativity, and cultural identity

• capture and express the full range of human emotions

• convey the depth and complexity of human feelings

• resonates deeply with people on an emotional level

• transcends cultural and linguistic boundaries

• evoking a shared sense of empathy and understanding

• understanding of the human condition, our joys, sorrows, and struggles

• think outside the box and imagine new possibilities

• comes from artistic vision

•  draw inspiration from art and culture

• integrating creativity with functionality

• more complete view of the world we live in

• showcase the current structure/ layout

• be projected to / be planned to / be expected to / be forecasted to V / be anticipated to V

• as well as displaying its future/redevelopment plan: cấu trúc cho tương lai

• OVERVIEW:

  • General statement

  • Changes: (+) (-)

  • Meaning of changes: ý nghĩa

• illustrate the transformation / evolution / development of/ wave of changes/ rearrangements

• undergone significant / notable changes marked by the introduction of ..... which come at the expense of >< unchanged / unaltered/ left untouched/ pristine condition = retained their positions and functions

• Change: modify/ transition

• appears/emerges to the west/north/... of

• have = feature

• been erected/built/constructed/ updated/ Developed

• in parallel with

• changes take place/ occur/ happen at the expense/ cost of : thay đổi làm mất đi ....

• removed / dismantled for = replace with = relinquish = supplant/ demolish / knocked down to make way / room for/ repurposed into/turned into/ destruct

• give place to = make room for

• significantly urbanized/ renovated/ modernized

• expanded and linked with ... by

• extend: kéo dài

• At the top / at the bottom

• On the right / left side

• In the right-hand / left-hand corner ( corner )

• In the middle / in the center / in the heart

• on either side of the center

• be flanked by: bị kẹp giữa

• along

• Across from: đối diện

• Opposite: đối diện (không cần giới từ + danh từ)

• Close To = adjacent to ( speaking ) = Next To = Beside/ in (close) proximity with / to : bên cạnh đó = neighbor (v)

• 10 miles / kilometers from

• 10 miles to the right of

• 10 miles north of

• is situated/placed/positioned/located

• be covered with = be bordered / encircled by

• is connected to ... via/through/by means of (thông qua)

•  interconnected by

• traverse through (xuyên qua)

• To the + hướng: về phía gì

• Moving westward/.... along the

• After / Upon entering the entrance

• In the south (of …) (ở phía gì của địa điểm đề bài cung cấp)

• occupy significantly/ partly/ ... south/north ( ern ) area/ region/ part/ section

• zone/ area/ space/ venue/ block/ section/ complex dedicated to/ belongs to/ designated for

• Residential / housing area: an area that has lots of houses and some schools.

Houses = dwellings = accommodations

• central residential square

• Industrial area: an area that has lots of factories

• Commercial area: an area that has lots of stores

• Hospital: a health facility where patients receive treatment

• Zoo: a place where people can go and see many kinds of animals

• Post office: a place where you can send mail (letters and packages)

• Fire station: a station housing fire apparatus and firemen

• Airport: an airfield equipped with control tower and hangers as well as accommodations for passengers and cargo

• Skyscraper: very tall buildings

• Warehouse: a building where things are kept until they are sold.

• Park (n): a recreational area where people can play football and have picnics

A car park / a motorbike park 

• Parking (a) lot/space/area: an area where people can park cars 

• Museum: a place that displays things of scientific or historical or artistic value

• Dining/... venues

• classroom block

• Supermarket: a large store that sells mostly food but sometimes other items such as clothes and furniture.

• Factory: an industrial plant, a production facility,

• Woodland: an area with lots of trees

• River: a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

• Street: the place where cars drive

• road running to the west/north...

• Intersection: the point where several streets meet. (ngã giao, ngã 3, ngã tư) => intersect (v) with: giao với cái gì

• those hosting/ incorporating/ housing .....activities

• agriculture-dependent: thiên về nông nghiệp

• Recreational / sports facilities/ amenities

• the floor plans: room layout

• singe/ double occupancy rental room

• additional furnishings: thêm nội thất

• straightforward layout

• kitchen appliances

• arranged horizontally/ vertically from left to right

• wall-mounted: dính vào tường

• dimension of .. height and ... width

• seperated by a partition: ngăn cách bởi tấm ngăn

• investment amounts = costs

• upon completion: ngay thời điểm hoàn thành

• square-shaped base

• incur a cost

• intricate and modern

• stand at the height of

- Intro:

• The diagram/picture illustrates/details the cyclical/linear process/ sequential process involved in of producing / recycling …

•  Overall, the cyclical/linear process comprises/encompasses/ can be segmented into (bao gồm) ... steps, commencing / beginning with … (N_phrase/Ving) and ending with …

• Notably, almost all steps are done / carried out manually/ automated (with the support / aid / assistance of some machines / some traditional tools. ) / Notably, there is no limit to how many ....can be .....

- Body 1:

• The process commences /begins with N_chỉ vật being Ved / The process commences with sb Ving

• At this facility, S V

• Upon arrival/After being Ved, SV … =>

• Once (một khi) Ved, SV

• Once / When SV1, SV2

- Body 2:

• Having undergone … (Ving - kết đoạn 1), S V // Following this, SV (mention lại bước kết thúc body 1)

• subsequently/then

• which is/are then

• Thereafter/After that/Following this, SV

• SV1, after which SV2

• S V, before being Ved

• S V, followed by/prior to

• Finally/Ultimately, …

• Fast forward 800,000 years

• more advanced design

• its predecessor

• distinct shaping on both sides

• rough texture on the surface

• adopted a more streamlined, tear-drop design

• broad at the base and narrowing sharply towards the tip

• a departure from the earlier, blunter design

• covered with lush vegetation and residential structures

• Post-eruption

• half of the architectural structures were destroyed

• leaving only the remaining half intact

• dense patches of foliage

• enveloped in coconut trees

• lava flow

• The legal system

• rendered / made chaotic and dysfunctional

• unbridled/unlimited freedom

• provide a framework

• set out the expectations

• mandate/necessitate/require obedience to

• perilous /ˈper.əl.əs/ landscapes

• upholding justice under the law

• Laws pertaining to/related to

• protected from unjust dismissal

• a breeding ground for large-scale worker protests

• social unrest

• smooth functioning of society

• pave the way for social disorder and upheaval

• parents, educators, and policymakers

•  like sponges, absorbing vast amounts of information from a young ag

• structured learning environment

• harness / leverage (khai thác = exploit) this capacity/ability

• providing them with a head start (khởi đầu vững vàng) in their academic pursuits/journeys

•  unstructured play and exploration

• beneficial/fruitful

• embarking on

• international education benchmarks

• compulsory parenting education

• lack of a universal parenting guide

• complexities of raising children

• a major hurdle

• dedicate additional hours to childcare training

• offers a wealth of free content

• the noble goal of

• the necessity appears less urgent

• providing structured learning

• more informed and responsible generation of parents

• benefiting the broader society

• juggling work and family life

• exacerbate inequalities

• valuable parenting tips and strategies

• environmental degradation

• continued economic expansion

• most viable path forward

• lifting people out of poverty

• food insecurity

• robust economic performance

• comes at a devastating cost to the environment

• disproportionately: quá mức

• short-sighted and ultimately self-defeating strategy

• reconcile both goals

• carbon pricing and circular economy initiatives

• incentivize innovation without sacrificing ecological health

• economic advancement is aligned with environmental stewardship (integrity)

• offers the best hope for

• televised in the name of transparency and public access to justice

• most commonly cited advantages >< legitimate / valid (chính đáng) concerns

• broadcasting court proceedings

• fairness/ accountability, procedures, and reasoning behind judicial decisions

• uphold impartiality

• civic awareness

• how justice is administrated

•  would-be offenders

• nationwide scrutiny and social stigma

• build trust in the justice system

• corrupt or biased courts

• unfamiliar/ abstract legal processes

•  form of sensationalized entertainment / media circus

• Media outlets

• gain higher viewership

• spotlight is cast on the most dramatic or emotional parts of a trial

• emotional testimonies or disturbing visuals

• legal intricacies

• transform into into mere spectacle

• implement strict protocols

• avoidance of sensationalism

• judicial transparency

• distorted and superficial understanding of justice

• damage the dignity of the judicial process

• compromise the fairness of the proceedings

• intimidated

• Legal professionals

• testify truthfully

•  performative behavior >< sound legal reasoning

• interfere with the objective delivery of justice

• courtroom activities

• full-scale televised trials

• more specialized, interest-driven approach

• broad base of knowledge

• transferable skills

• analytical skills and cultural awareness

•  invaluable in real-world settings

• lack the maturity or foresight

• exposing them to a wide range of disciplines

• engage with material they find meaningful

• excel and retain knowledge

• In an age of increasing specialization

• gaining a head start in a future career

• develop a well-rounded intellect

• dual strategy

• broad academic curriculum

• foundational skills and informed decision-making

• An educational model that blends both approaches

• well-prepared and fulfilled individuals

• cosmocracy / having a global government

• theoretically promising

• ideological differences among national governments

• political disparities

• fueling this ongoing conflict

• unified global governance

• foster international harmony

• armed conflicts

• In this regard/ light/ That being the case (If this happens)

• exacerbate/ aggravate (làm cho cái gì nghiêm trọng) international tensions

• forging a bond between countries

• establishment of a global state

• come at the expense/ price/ cost of far-reaching macroeconomic repercussions

• inherent differences in the economic mechanisms

• merge them under a single governing system

• imposing a common economic system

•  surpluses or deficits in various industries

• all-powerful world government

• prevailing strategy

• ex-convicts >< former prisoners/ inmates/ criminals

• recidivism

• return to / relapse into (tái phạm) criminal activities post-release/upon release

•  social reentry/social reintegration (tái hòa nhập cộng đồng)

• harbors/has a hostile attitude

• This stigma / discrimination manifests (thể hiện) itself starkly in

• criminal records/ activities

• insulting criticisms

• ostracized/discriminated against

• hold a grudge (lời nguyền) against (chống lại) society

•  breeding ground for further crimes

• mitigating social discrimination against former convicts

• a sense of exclusion from society

• giving ex-prisoners a second chance at life

• mental health counselling

• public humiliation

• recommitment of crimes

• reduce social stigmatization / discrimination

• enhancing rehabilitation and support systems