TRW by

http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/24/print-thyself

f2015951 — 2015-09-21 15:56:18 UTC

-Article Link (Shreya Nimma)

Summary (Applications of 3D printing in medicine)- Shreya Nimma

f2015951 — 2015-09-21 17:53:43 UTC

3-D printing has garnered a lot of attention in recent years, and rightfully so; its applications are endless. One particular industry which 3-D printing is set to revolutionize in coming years is medicine. Over the past few years, researchers in various hospitals across the world have been increasingly able to use 3-printing technology to their advantage, often in highly complicated surgeries and medical procedures. For example, in February of 2012, one particular doctor in Michigan, USA treated a 3 month old infant for tracheobronchomalacia by 3-D printing a splint for him and placing it in his airway. Similarly, the use of 3-D printing has been gaining traction in the making of prosthetics, stents, and spinal braces. It has been especially useful in the industry of motorised mobility aids, as the custom fit that it allows reduces wear and tear on the body of the wearer. 3-D printing is thus being used for both surgical and non surgical procedures alike. However,the big question that remains today is "Is 3-D printing human organs in our future?". So far, doctors have only been able to reproduce limited tissue segments. The role that structure plays in the average biological system is vital and cannot be underestimated. Unfortunately, researchers today are restricted in their understanding of the three dimensional structure of most living systems due to the limitations of the biological microscope. As a result, 3-D printed organs seem a far away future. For example, billions of kidney cells could be mass produced today, but without a vasculature to support them, they would never resemble an actual functioning kidney. Despite the difficulties, progress has been unstoppable. A cutting edge research lab at The Wyss Institute, run by Harvard professor, Dr. Lewis, is currently able to produce a block of living tissue at a time, with vessels capable of carrying nutrients to the cells within. Although the life span of such cells are still limited as of now, this lab's work holds great potential for the future, not just in medicine but in the understanding of a biology and nature, as a whole.

Introduction to 3D printing or additive manufacturing

yashdeep97 — 2015-09-24 15:46:06 UTC

Applications of 3D printing in manufacturing, medicine, architecture as well as daily use.

3D printing in Manufacturing - summary

yashdeep97 — 2015-09-24 17:40:29 UTC

Additive manufacturing is primarily used for rapid prototyping .New parts of different dimensions and shapes can be easily created. Also prototypes of a product can be made without making molds.

Moreover 3D printing is also very useful in creating intricate designs as the object is created layer by layer. This results in reduction of the weight of the object by making well designed cavities in it. Thus this also helps in reducing the cost of material needed in making the object.

Thus it enables us to create complex objects which would have been impossible to create by traditonal methods

(Yashdeep)

Why is 3-D printing human organs still a far-fetched dream?

f2015951 — 2015-09-24 18:00:28 UTC

Organs are highly structured functional units of living tissue. Biologists and medical researchers thus far have not been able to accurately study three dimensional structure at the cellular level due to limitations of microscopes and the two dimensional plane they restrict viewing to. Due to gaps in our understanding of the exact structural arrangement in which cells are placed, 3-D printing of organs is still far off in the future.

(Shreya)

How has 3-D printing been able to help the field of medicine so far?

f2015951 — 2015-09-24 18:04:57 UTC

3-D printing has found usage in:

1)Manufacturing custom fit prosthetics for the disable

2)Making accurate surgical models for doctors to practice on

3)The creation of stents and spinal braces from bio-friendly materials

4)The creation of living tissue on a small scale to help further our understanding of biology

(Shreya)

Who stands to benefit the most by the advent of 3-D printing in medicine?

f2015951 — 2015-09-24 18:25:43 UTC

1)Disabled patients are allowed a greater degree of mobility through bionic structures whose manufacture is made possible by the advent of 3-D printing

2)Infants and other at-risk patients with abnormal conditions

3)Surgical patients who suffer from other complications

4)Pharmaceutical testing will improve immensely once 3-D printed live tissue is made available for testing; all people who are prescribed drugs will benefit by this

(Shreya)

Article Link (Yashdeep Thorat)

yashdeep97 — 2015-09-24 18:49:32 UTC

http://www.computerworld.com/article/2490930/enterprise-applications-3d-printing-makes-its-move-into- production.html

What are some things that can be 3-D printed in medicine right now?

f2015951 — 2015-09-25 03:44:33 UTC

1)Tissues with blood vessels

2)Low cost prosthetic parts

3)Drugs

4)Tailor made sensors

5)Medical models

6)Bone

7)Heart valve

8)Ear cartilage

9)Medical equipment

10)Cranium replacement

11) Synthetic skin

(Shreya)

Conclusion:

yashdeep97 — 2015-09-25 06:55:22 UTC

We think 3D printing has the most scope in the aviation industry because of the following reasons:

The aviation industry can use 3D printing technology because it has the capability of reducing aircraft weight, while increasing customization and overall construction efficiency.

3D printed aircraft parts could potentially save a substantial amount of fuel and materials.Hence reducing the carbon emissions too.

3D printed brackets, hinges, seat buckles and furnishings could reduce the weight of an aircraft by 7%.

(Yashdeep)

Has 3D printing been used to make parts for any aircraft?

yashdeep97 — 2015-09-25 07:14:46 UTC

Boeing has actually already installed over 20,000 3D printed parts in airplanes.

The 3D printed parts currently used are not metallic, but the application is covering a variety of different materials such as polymers, plasters, and plastics.

However 3D printed wings,engines and other metallic parts have not been used yet in airplanes.

Although researchers at Amaero Engineering and Monash University, Melbourne have created 3D printed jet engines

(Yashdeep)

What are advantages of using 3D printing for manufacturing metallic parts of ships, bridges, etc?

yashdeep97 — 2015-09-25 07:53:01 UTC

The 3D printing process, which involves melting successive layers of powdered metal, has implications for the entire alloy industry. It may make ships more resistant to corrosion, bridges more tolerant of damage, skyscrapers taller and safer, as well as improving the thermal and electrical performance of spacecrafts.

(Yashdeep)

How can 3D printing be used to make robots?

yashdeep97 — 2015-09-25 08:04:46 UTC

Atlas ,a humanoid robot developed by google is a self-sustaining robot, which can navigate around outdoor terrains, such as mountains and forests. Its body parts have been upgraded to mimic human parts. However, such improvements require incredible amount of detail, which is extremely time consuming and expensive to develop with traditional manufacturing methods. Thus 3D printing technology has been used to integrate dozens of new parts, sophisticated hydraulics systems and components to make the robot more consistent and to smoothen its movements.

(Yashdeep)

A prototype 3D printer capable of assembling chemical compounds at the molecular level..?

f2015951 — 2015-09-25 13:40:45 UTC

3-D Printed Heart Sensors (Shreya)

f2015951 — 2015-09-25 13:44:05 UTC

How I collected information.. (Shreya)

f2015951 — 2015-09-25 13:50:15 UTC

After reading my article, I searched the internet for more information. I was able to find other journals and websites which gave me more information my topic. I also found videos related to my topic on Youtube which were helpful for my research.

GROUP MEMBERS

f2015951 — 2015-09-25 13:51:57 UTC

Yashdeep

Shreya 2015A7951H

Vishal 2015B1829

Bibliography/Sources (Shreya)

f2015951 — 2015-09-25 16:17:30 UTC

1)http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/24/print-thyself

2)https://youtu.be/mAEqvn7B2Qg

3)https://youtu.be/Mgqsd_GNivs

4)http://3dprintingindustry.com/2015/02/26/12-things-we-can-3d-print-in-medicine-right-now/

5)http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/3d-printing-medicine-how-technology-increasingly-being-used-save-lives-1502609

6)http://3dprinting.com/medical/

7)http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-mellgard/medical-3d-printing-future_b_7088994.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in

Definition of Terms (Shreya)

f2015951 — 2015-09-25 17:06:17 UTC

Bioprinting:- The use of 3-D printing to manufacture living tissue.

Stent:- a splint placed temporarily inside a duct, canal, or blood vessel to aid healing or relieve an obstruction.

Transradial prosthetic :- A transradial prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces an arm missing below the elbow.

Additive fabrication:- Another term for 3-D printing.

Summary-- Application of 3D Printing in Electronics (Vishal)

f2015829 — 2015-09-26 12:44:07 UTC

In recent years, 3D printing has gained a lot of importance which is clearly reflected by statistics. Consequently, the expectations are emerging for its next phase -- Applications in Electronics. Both the government and the industry sector are trying advance in this segment through various ways. Nevertheless, the complexity involved is pretty high. However, with an increase in the number of 3D printing companies, start up's, Universities, and government research institutes this complexity is slowly minimized.

Basically, 2D printing is used for screen printing, thin film deposition and it mostly operates on flat surfaces. They cannot be applied to substrates with Multi-Axis dimensions. Whereas 3D printing allows designers to create any complex geometries which are lighter, efficient, and more customized. 3D printing advantages include its ability to truly integrate electronics with objects, and the fact that 3D printing allows for distributed manufacturing. Its limitations are repeating nature, low speed, unreliable, and the poor availability of the materials involved. The key challenge in 3D printing electronics is to develop a suitable material which can be processed efficiently and to match the current level of reliability, functionality, and low cost of readily available 2D electronic fabrication techniques. In spite of its limitations, 2D fabrications are reliable, fast and inexpensive.

Mechanical 3D printing is well established. Design studios produce any prototypes with 3D printers. Unfortunately, 3D printing for electronics has not moved quickly from concept into practical use.Broadly speaking, 3D electrical printing companies vying for commercial success are, in no particular order. Now-a-days, researchers are trying to focus on materials used than the applicators, with the exception of copper embedded system. It is believed by the scientists that the fastest way to market the 3D electronic printing is by combining current technologies into one platform and by increasing the usage of 'Graphite' which conducts heat and electricity efficiently.

Concluding, the 3D electronic printing technology is progressing at a rapid pace and its future is around the corner.

f2015829 — 2015-09-26 14:53:20 UTC

http://www.advancedmanufacturinginsight.com/archived-articles/item/3d-printed-electronics-additive-manufacturing

f2015829 — 2015-09-26 14:53:25 UTC

-Article link(Gande Vishal)

Applications of 3D Printing (Group)

f2015951 — 2015-10-06 12:06:11 UTC

1. Patterns/Molds

2.Functional Models

3.Visual Aids

4. Custom parts

5. Device Covers

6.Artistic Items

7. Prototypes

8. Gadgets

9. Generating live tissue models

10. Educational purposes

11. Pharmaceutical production

12. Bionics

Post proof /Sources: (Yashdeep)

yashdeep97 — 2015-10-06 18:47:25 UTC

1) http://www.computerworld.com/article/2490930/enterprise-applications-3d-printing-makes-its-move-into-production.html

2) http://3dprinting.com/aviation/

3)http://www.ted.com/talks/lisa_harouni_a_primer_on_3d_printing#t-162063

4) ITNEXT magazine September 2015 edition

5)http://3dprinting.com/news/google-3d-prints-legs-for-their-humanoid-robot-atlas/

6)http://3dprinting.com/news/scientists-3d-printed-two-jet- engines/

7)http://3dprinting.com/news/boeing-wants-to-patent-3d-printing-of-aircraft-parts/

New terms learned and their meaning

yashdeep97 — 2015-10-06 19:23:10 UTC

Fused deposition modeling (FDM): layersof a material are deposited over one another and and then fused by heating.

Food printing; Intricate food items can be printed using special 3D printers , this used in culinary industry

Can 3D printing be used to manufacture complex electronic devices such as smart phones? Vishal)

f2015829 — 2015-10-07 03:36:13 UTC

Despite the fact that 3D printed products grew in complexity(multi-material) and in detail, still most products have a single function. Engineers are looking for more complex and high tech products. Combining functional elements such as electronics into 3D printed products could open up new markets and new application of products.

In the future interactive devices could be printed rather than assembled; a world where a device with active components is created as a single object, rather than a case enclosing circuit boards and individually assembled parts.

Post proof and other sources of information. (Vishal)

f2015829 — 2015-10-07 03:58:10 UTC

!) https://hbr.org/2015/06/the-limits-of-3d-printing#

2) http://www.3dprintingelectronicsconference.com

3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pESuE6m1iv8

4) http://www.advancedmanufacturinginsight.com/archived-articles/item/3d-printed-electronics-additive-manufacturing

5) http://3dprintingindustry.com/3d-printing-basics-free-beginners-guide/benefits-commercial-value

6) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbm2SSql8V8

7) http://www.optomec.com/additive-manufacturing/printed-electronics/aj-core-applications/

8) http://www.instructables.com/id/3D-Printed-Circuit-Boards-for-solder-free-printab/

What are the limitations of 3D printing in electronics? (Vishal)

f2015829 — 2015-10-07 04:02:14 UTC

- Significant investment to be made in generating printable files of the spare parts that would likely be needed which outweighs the profits gained.

-The vision of 3D printing to make any part at push of a button doesn't stack up to economic reality.

- Counter to common perception, 3D printing does not happen “at the touch of a button”; it involves considerable pre- and post-processing, which incur non-trivial labor costs.

-The starting point for any 3D printing process is a 3D file that can be “printed.” Just having an electronic CAD drawing is not sufficient; currently, there is no way to automatically convert the CAD drawing into a 3D file

What are the factors that make 3D printed devices more preferable to other devices? (Vishal

f2015829 — 2015-10-07 05:02:57 UTC

-Sustainable / Environmentally Friendly

3D printing is also emerging as an energy-efficient technology that can provide environmental efficiencies in terms of both the manufacturing process itself, utilising up to 90% of standard materials, and, therefore, creating less waste.

-Complexity

The advent of 3D printing has seen a proliferation of products (designed in digital environments), which involve levels of complexity that simply could not be produced physically in any other way.

-Customisation

3D printing processes allow for mass customization-the ability to personalize products according to individual needs and requirements. Even within the same build chamber, the nature of 3D printing means that numerous products can be manufactured at the same time according to the end-users requirements at no additional process cost.

New terms and their definitions (Vishal)

f2015829 — 2015-10-07 05:11:57 UTC

Prototype - a first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle from which other forms are developed.

CAGR - compound annual growth rate.

Additive manufacturing- Another term for 3D printing

OLED - Organic light emitting diode.

Aerosol Jets - A system which is ideally suited for 3D Printed Electronics applications such as fully printed antennas, sensors, and Molded Interconnect Devices.

Collection of information (Vishal)

f2015829 — 2015-10-07 05:55:38 UTC

Once I finished reading my article, I had few questions in my mind which my article could not clear. And so, I googled my topic, and it directed me to many other journals, videos and other articles. They had sufficient information in them and so many of my questions got cleared.

QUESTIONNAIRE

f2015951 — 2015-10-07 13:44:51 UTC

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1MbBBeXd-tRC2xJ1nS7_4Y8r4i5azKpVvwekQHrL4jJQ/edit

How I collected information (Yashdeep)

yashdeep97 — 2015-10-07 17:49:54 UTC

Apart from my article I found many websites, from which I gathered more information on my topic. I also found videos on ted.com and youtube regarding 3D printing. Another source of information was the September 2015 edition of ITNEXT magazine

Applications of 3D Printing in Medicine (Shreya)

f2015951 — 2015-10-07 20:32:14 UTC

1)Printing tissue

2)Testing drug research

3)Prosthetics

4) Surgical implants

5) Models from medical education

Out of these, the contribution of 3D printing towards prosthetics is the most feasible as every day, new advances in 3D technology allow more custom-fit prosthetics models to be available in the market. It is a viable market and progress has been made in this field already.