https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx By: María del Carmen Suárez Flores en-us 2020-03-23 19:19:33 UTC 2020-03-23 20:34:56 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f43c.png carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471589617 France imposes a colonial system over Vietnam, calling it French Indochina. The system includes Tonkin, Annam, Cochin China and Cambodia. Laos is added in 1893.]]> 2020-03-23 19:32:04 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471589617 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471591207 Vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi Minh is trained in the Soviet Union as an agent of the Communist International.]]> 2020-03-23 19:33:00 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471591207 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471594641 Ho Chi Minh founds the Indochinese Communist Party at a meeting in Hong Kong.]]> 2020-03-23 19:35:09 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471594641 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471596196 June: Nazi Germany takes control of France. 
September: Japanese troops invade French Indochina and occupy Vietnam with little French resistance.]]> 2020-03-23 19:36:06 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471596196 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471597660 Ho Chi Minh and communist colleagues establish the League for the Independence of Vietnam. Known as the Viet Minh, the movement aims to resist French and Japanese occupation of Vietnam.]]> 2020-03-23 19:37:09 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471597660 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471598741 March: Japanese troops occupying Indochina carry out a coup against French authorities and announce an end to the colonial era, declaring Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia independent.
August: Japan is defeated by the Allies in World War II, leaving a power vacuum in Indochina. France begins to reassert its authority over Vietnam. 
September: Ho Chi Minh declares an independent North Vietnam and models his declaration on the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 in an (unsuccessful) effort to win the support of the United States.]]> 2020-03-23 19:37:58 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471598741 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471608167 Ho Chi Minh rejects a French proposal granting Vietnam limited self-government and the Viet Minh begins a guerrilla war against the French.]]> 2020-03-23 19:44:24 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471608167 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471614837 In an address to Congress, President Harry Truman states that the foreign policy of the United States is to assist any country whose stability is threatened by communism. The policy becomes known as the Truman Doctrine.]]> 2020-03-23 19:48:52 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471614837 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471616008 June: The French install former emperor Bao Dai as head of state in Vietnam. 
August: The Soviet Union explodes its first atom bomb in a remote area of Kazakhstan, marking a tense turning point in the Cold War with the United States.
October: Following a civil war, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declares the creation of the People’s Republic of China.

]]> 2020-03-23 19:49:30 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471616008 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471618768 January: The People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union formally recognize the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam and both begin to supply economic and military aid to communist resistance fighters within the country.
February: Assisted by the Soviet Union and the newly Communist China, the Viet Minh step up their offensive against French outposts in Vietnam.
June: The United States, identifying the Viet Minh as a Communist threat, steps up military assistance to France for their operations against the Viet Minh.

]]> 2020-03-23 19:51:32 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471618768 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471624003 March-May: French troops are humiliated in defeat by Viet Minh forces at Dien Bien Phu. The defeat solidifies the end of French rule in Indochina.
April: In a speech, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower says the fall of French Indochina to communists could create a “domino” effect in Southeast Asia. This so-called domino theory guides U.S. thinking on Vietnam for the next decade.
July: The Geneva Accords establish North and South Vietnam with the 17th parallel as the dividing line. The agreement also stipulates that elections are to be held within two years to unify Vietnam under a single democratic government. These elections never happen.]]> 2020-03-23 19:54:48 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471624003 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471634979 May: North Vietnam forces begin to build a supply route through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam in an effort to support guerrilla attacks against Diem’s government in the south. The route becomes known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail and is greatly expanded and enhanced during the Vietnam War.
July 1959: The first U.S. soldiers are killed in South Vietnam when guerrillas raid their living quarters near Saigon.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:01:34 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471634979 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471637621 September: Ho Chi Minh, facing failing health, is replaced by Le Duan as head of North Vietnam’s ruling communist party.
December: The National Liberation Front (NLF) is formed with North Vietnamese backing as the political wing of the antigovernment insurgency in South Vietnam. The United States views the NLF as an arm of North Vietnam and starts calling the military wing of the NLF the Viet Cong—short for Vietnam Cong-san, or Vietnamese communists.
May 1961: President John F. Kennedy sends helicopters and 400 Green Berets to South Vietnam and authorizes secret operations against the Viet Cong.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:03:08 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471637621 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471639881 February 1962: Ngo Dinh Diem survives a bombing of the presidential palace in South Vietnam as Diem’s extreme favoritism toward South Vietnam’s Catholic minority alienates him from most of the South Vietnamese population, including Vietnamese Buddhists.
January 1963: At Ap Bac, a village in the Mekong Delta southwest of Saigon, South Vietnamese troops are defeated by a much smaller unit of Viet Cong fighters. The South Vietnamese are overcome despite their four-to-one advantage and the technical and planning assistance of U.S. advisers.
May: In a major incident of what becomes known as the “Buddhist Crisis,” the government of Ngo Dinh Diem opens fire on a crowd of Buddhist protestors in the central Vietnam city of Hue. Eight people, including children, are killed.
June: A 73-year-old monk immolates himself while sitting at a major city intersection in protest, leading other Buddhists to follow suit in coming weeks. The United States’ already declining confidence in Diem’s leadership continues to slide.
November: The United States backs a South Vietnam military coup against the unpopular Diem, which ends in the brutal killing of Diem and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu. Between 1963 and 1965, 12 different governments take the lead in South Vietnam as military coups replace one government after another.
November: President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:04:30 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471639881 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471643094 August: USS Maddox is allegedly attacked by North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin (the attack is later disputed), leading President Johnson to call for air strikes on North Vietnamese patrol boat bases. Two U.S. aircraft are shot down and one U.S. pilot, Everett Alvarez, Jr., becomes the first U.S. airman to be taken prisoner by North Vietnam.
August : The attacks in the Gulf of Tonkin spur Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin, which authorizes the president to “take all necessary measures, including the use of armed force” against any aggressor in the conflict.
November: The Soviet Politburo increases its support to North Vietnam, sending aircraft, artillery, ammunition, small arms, radar, air defense systems, food and medical supplies. Meanwhile, China sends several engineering troops to North Vietnam to assist in building critical defense infrastructure.]]> 2020-03-23 20:06:24 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471643094 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471649932 February: President Johnson orders the bombing of targets in North Vietnam in Operation Flaming Dart in retaliation for a Viet Cong raid at the U.S. base in the city of Pleiku and at a nearby helicopter base at Camp Holloway.
March: President Johnson launches a three-year campaign of sustained bombing of targets in North Vietnam and the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Operation Rolling Thunder. The same month, U.S. Marines land on beaches near Da Nang, South Vietnam as the first American combat troops to enter Vietnam.
June : General Nguen Van Thieu of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Governmental Military (ARVN), becomes president of South Vietnam.
 July: President Johnson calls for 50,000 more ground troops to be sent to Vietnam, increasing the draft to 35,000 each month.
August : In Operation Starlite, some 5,500 U.S. Marines strike against the First Viet Cong Regiment in the first major ground offensive by U.S. forces in Vietnam. The six-day operation diffuses the Viet Cong regiment, although it would quickly rebuild.
November: Morrison, a 31-year-old pacifist Quaker from Baltimore, sets himself on fire in front of the Pentagon to protest the Vietnam war. Onlookers encourage him to release his 11-month-old baby daughter, whom he is holding, before he is engulfed in flames. Nearly 300 Americans are killed and hundreds more injured in the first large-scale battle of the war, the Battle of la Drang Valley. At the battle, in South Vietnam’s Central Highlands, U.S. ground troops are dropped onto and withdrawn from the battlefield by helicopter, in what would become a common strategy. Both sides declare victory.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471649932 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471654207 January: U.S. troop numbers stationed in Vietnam increase to 500,000.
February: U.S. aircraft bomb Haiphong Harbor and North Vietnamese airfields.
September : Nguyen Van Thieu wins the presidential election of South Vietnam under a newly enacted constitution.
November: In the Battle of Dak To, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces resist an offensive by communist forces in the Central Highlands. The United States forces suffer some 1,800 casualties.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:13:24 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471654207 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471658171 January-April: A U.S. Marine garrison at Khe Sanh in South Vietnam is bombarded with massive artillery by communist forces from the People’s Army of North Vietnam (PAVN). For 77 days, the marines and South Vietnamese forces fend off the siege.
January: Encompassing a combined assault of Viet Minh and North Vietnamese armies. Attacks are carried out in more than 100 cities and outposts across South Vietnam, including Hue and Saigon, and the U.S. Embassy is invaded. The effective, bloody attacks shock U.S. officials and mark a turning point in the war and the beginning of a gradual U.S. withdrawal from the region.
February 11-17: This week records the highest number of U.S. soldier deaths during the war, with 543 American deaths.
February-March: Battles at Hue and Saigon end with American and ARVN victory as Viet Cong guerillas are cleared from the cities.
March 16: At the U.S. massacre at Mai Lai, more than 500 civilians are murdered by U.S. forces. The massacre happens amid a campaign of U.S. search-and-destroy operations that are intended to find enemy territories, destroy them and then retreat.
March: President Johnson halts bombing in Vietnam north of the 20th parallel. Facing backlash about the war, Johnson announces he will not run for reelection.
November: Republican Richard M. Nixon wins the U.S. presidential elections on the campaign promises to restore “law and order” and to end the draft.]]> 2020-03-23 20:15:52 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471658171 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471661951 May: At Ap Bia Mountain, about a mile from the border with Laos, U.S. paratroopers attack entrenched North Vietnamese fighters in an attempt to cut off North Vietnamese infiltration from Laos. U.S. troops eventually capture the site (temporarily), which would be nicknamed Hamburger Hill by journalists due to the brutal carnage of the 10-day battle.
September: Ho Chi Minh dies of a heart attack in Hanoi.
December: The U.S. government institutes the first draft lottery since World War II, prompting ever more young American men—later disparaged as “draft dodgers”—to flee to Canada.
1969-1972: The Nixon administration gradually reduces the number of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, placing more burden on the ground forces of South Vietnam’s ARVN as part of a strategy known as Vietnamization. U.S. troops in Vietnam are reduced from a peak of 549,000 in 1969 to 69,000 in 1972. ]]> 2020-03-23 20:18:12 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471661951 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471666647 February: U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger begins secret peace negotiations with Hanoi politburo member Le Duc Tho in Paris.
March 1969-May 1970: In a series of secret bombings known as “Operation Menu,” U.S. B-52 bombers target suspected communist base camps and supply zones in Cambodia. The bombings are kept under wraps by Nixon and his administration since Cambodia is officially neutral in the war, although The New York Times would reveal the operation on May 9, 1969.
April-June: U.S. and South Vietnamese forces attack communist bases across the Cambodian border in the Cambodian Incursion.
May 4: In a bloody incident known as the Kent State Shooting, National Guardsmen fire on anti-war demonstrators at Ohio’s Kent State University, killing four students and wounding nine.
June: Congress repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to reassert control over the president’s ability to use force in the war.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:21:16 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471666647 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471669509 January-March: In Operation Lam Son 719, ARVN troops, with U.S. support, invade Laos in an attempt to cut off the Ho Chi Minh Trail. They are forced to retreat and suffer heavy losses.
June: The New York Times publishes a series of articles detailing leaked Defense Department documents about the war, known as the Pentagon Papers. The report reveals the U.S. government had repeatedly and secretly increased U.S. involvement in the war.
March-October 1972: The People’s Army of Vietnam launches the large-scale, three-pronged Easter Offensive against the Army of the Republic of Vietnam and U.S. forces. While North Vietnam gains control of more territory in South Vietnam, the offensive isn’t the decisive blow its military leaders had hoped for.
December: President Nixon orders the launch of the most intense air offense of the war in Operation Linebacker. The attacks, concentrated between Hanoi and Haiphong, drop roughly 20,000 tons of bombs over densely populated regions.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:23:09 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471669509 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471670896 January 22: Former President Johnson dies in Texas at age 64.
January 27: The Selective Service announces the end to the draft and institutes an all-volunteer military.
January 27: President Nixon signs the Paris Peace Accords, ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The North Vietnamese accept a cease fire. But as U.S. troops depart Vietnam, North Vietnamese military officials continue plotting to overtake South Vietnam.
February-April: North Vietnam returns 591 American prisoners of war (including future U.S. Senator and presidential candidate, John McCain) in what is known as Operation Homecoming.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:24:14 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471670896 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471672836 August 1974: President Nixon resigns in the face of likely impeachment after the Watergate Scandal is revealed. Gerald R. Ford becomes president.
January 1975: President Ford rules out any further U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.
April: In the Fall of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam is seized by communist forces and the government of South Vietnam surrenders. U.S. Marine and Air Force helicopters transport more than 1,000 American civilians and nearly 7,000 South Vietnamese refugees out of Saigon in an 18-hour mass evacuation effort.
July: North and South Vietnam are formally unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam under hardline communist rule.

]]> 2020-03-23 20:25:29 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471672836 carmens1 https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471678160 By the end of the war, more than 58,000 Americans lose their lives. Vietnam would later release estimates that 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters were killed, up to 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died and more than 2 million civilians were killed on both sides of the war.]]> 2020-03-23 20:29:24 UTC https://padlet.com/carmens1/w8atelwp26qx/wish/471678160