Ch 22 The Global South by Aereanna Gallegos https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn Aereanna Gallegos, Bernardo Renteria, Brandon Alvarez, Elisa Chavez, Fredy Magana, Abigail Villasana, Collin Ruiz, Giovanni Perez, Fernanda Rosel en-us 2017-03-27 13:37:48 UTC 2023-06-14 02:42:30 UTC hello@padlet.com Nigeria (Collin Ruiz) (JC-fantastic work Collin. You explained the very complicated relationships in Nigeria well. Proofread carefully to eliminate spelling/grammar errors). ruizcol000 https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163110091 Issues:
  • States had ethnic minorities, in the west, non-Yoruba began to resent the Yoruba control, in 1963 they tried to break away and for their own region creating fighting. 
  • In the beginning of 1966, mostly Igbo officers seized power in the capital of Lagos abolishing the regional government and declaring martial law
  • The Hausa-Fulani launched an attack persecuting and killing many Igbo, those who survived fled east to create the new nation of Biafra
  • The Nigerian army declared war with this new country, the igbo badly outnumbered surrendered reuniting but still killing over a million of the Igbo people, many of starvation. 
Leaders: Hausa-Fulani tribe, Yoruba tribe, and Igbo Tribe. 
  • Ken Saro Wiwa was a member of the Ogoni people. He was a critic of the Nigerian government, which he viewed as reluctant to enforce environmental regulations on the foreign petroleum companies operating in the area. At the peak of his non-violent campaign, he was tried by a special military tribunal for allegedly masterminding the murder of Ogoni chiefs at a pro-government meeting, and hung in 1995 by General Sani Abacha. His execution provoked outrage and resulted in Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations for over three years.

Methods: 
  •  Religious Diversity,  Hausa-Fulani are mostly Muslim, Yoruba and Igbo are  Muslim, christian, or animists
  • Nigeria adopted a federal system sharing state government and central authority between three states, one for each region and tribe/ethnic group, with a political  party in each.
  • In 1979 the military handed back power to civilian rulers, most Nigerians applauded the decision but some were concerned about ethnic divisions within the nation. 
Lingering Problems
  • Military governed Nigeria but promised to bring back civilian rule, the first election was held in 1993 which resulted in the victory of Moshood Abiola.
  • Officers decalred the results invalid giving the dictator General Sani Abacha. He later banned political activity and jailed dissidents.
  • In 1998 when Abacha died, General Abdulsalami Abubakar took power and promised an end to military rule
  • In 1999 Nigerians were able to elect their first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo





]]> 2017-03-28 13:10:26 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163110091 Ghana (Fredy Magana) (JC-Descriptions of issues and methods is excellent. Needed more work to explain the conflict between the military and democratic forces within the government. Why did these conflicts happen and create "back and forth?") maganfre000 https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163110607 Issues:
  • Ethnic conflicts between local tribes
  • Keeping colonies was very costly to maintain
  •  Africans wanted full independence for the Gold Coast from the British.
  • After independence they had to build a new government and establish a postcolonial economy.
  • Artificial borders separated people with similar cultures and brought enemies closer.

Leader: 
  •  Movement leader Kwame Nkrumah   (later became  Ghana's first prime minister and its president-for-life).
Method: 
  • A movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values known as the Negritude movement. 
  • Nkrumah organized multiple strikes and boycotts even though he would get imprisoned by British officials. 
  • They started adopting Capitalism and started westernizing.
Lingering Problems:
  • New roads, schools, and more health facilities brought down Ghana's economy due to the high cost and strengthened their opposition.
  • Back and forth with civilian and military control
]]> 2017-03-28 13:11:30 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163110607 Turkey (Aereanna Gallegos) (JC-Good descriptions of the major issues facing Turkey. Make sure to proofread carefully. Several errors of grammar in the first two sections). aeriegallegos https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163112057 Issues:
~  Rebuilding turkey after the fall of the Ottoman Empire
~ Forced to give up some of their territory
~ "How to deal with "The Kurds"
Leader: Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Kemal was a commander who helped Turkey to fight back the Greeks and the British who backed them. When he became president he was revered by his people and called "Ataturk" which loosely translates to "father of the Turks"
Methods:
~ Westernization
- Created  a new legal system based on European law
- Set rules for clothing
- Granted women the right to vote & hold public office
Lingering Problems:
~ How to deal with "The Kurds"
The Kurds are a group of people who have wanted their own country for decades but their traditional lands lay in three countries Turkey, Iran, Iraq. These countries don't want to give up their land so they oppressed them.

]]> 2017-03-28 13:14:40 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163112057 Indonesia (Elisa Chavez) (JC-Fantastic description of the issues and leaders. Explanation of what "guided economy" meant in practice would be ideal. Also, proofread, proofread, proofread). chaveeli009 https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163117752 Issues:
  • Anti-imperialism against Netherlands (The Dutch). During World War 2 Indonesia was occupied by the Japanese, with the end of world war 2 the Netherlands wanted control over Indonesia again.
  • Economic Problems. Had massive debt that caused mass inflation. They were mostly unable to get economic support from other countries.
  • Political Corruption and instabilities between political parties.
Leaders:
  • Sukarno 
He helped claim Indonesian independence, June 17, 1945 and was officially independent December 27th, 1949. Was president of Indonesia until he was forcefully removed from office in 1966. He secretly supported communism and implemented similar methods into the government. Ended up making the economy worse and caused mass inflation. Was only known by Sukarno.
  • Suharto 
Was the president after Sukarno was removed from 1967- 1998. He was a former general that worked for Sukarno. He fixed their economic problems somewhat, but did not totally get rid of them. Made Indonesia into a militaristic state.
Methods:
  • Originally used a democratic based government. Used  "guided democracy" and "Guided economy".~ Sukarno.
  • Enforced martial law, turned Indonesia in to a police state. Little religious freedoms or tolerance.~Suharto
Lingering problems
  • Continued political corruption 
  • Ethnic conflict with East Timor
Former Territory of Indonesia taken over by Suharto in 1970s. In 1999 in a United Nation held referendum East Timor voted for their Independence from Indonesia. This angered many pro-Indonesian forces ignoring the referendum results went and killed hundreds and forced thousands into refugee camps in west Timor still apart of Indonesia.
]]> 2017-03-28 13:28:31 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163117752 Kenya (Abigail Villasana) (JC-Great description of the conflicts in Kenya. Could use more work on 'methods' section to explain how Kenyatta dealt with 'westernization' as a strategy to increase economic growth.) villaabi0021 https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163118958 Issues:
     -Decolonization: after world war 2, Africans had a new mindset when returning home, they were unwilling to accept colonial domination by Europe any longer.
     -Ethnic conflicts between  tribes: due to Europeans creating artificial borders, they separated people of similar cultures and enclosed enemy tribes within them. It led to instability, violence, and a struggle to deal with their independence.
Leaders:
Jomo Kenyatta:
-born-1891, died-1978
-became president of Kenya
-worked hard to unite the country's various ethnic and language groups
Mau Mau group: a secret society group made up of native Kenyan farmers
Methods:
-The Negritude Movement was a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and value.
-The Mau Mau group used guerrilla war tactics to drive Europeans into leaving the highlands.
Lingering Problems:
-Kenya still experienced ethnic conflicts between tribes after they claimed their independence. They  continued to fight each other and caused overall violence.        
-Economic problems such as water shortage, soil erosion, and desertification that limits their agricultural production and aren't able to feed the people of Kenya.
-50% of the population live below the poverty line.

]]> 2017-03-28 13:32:06 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163118958 South Africa (Giovanni Perez) (JC-overall a great description of one of the more complicated issues facing the Global South. Could use more description of the two major leaders. Also, proofread!). perezgio005 https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163124836 Issues:
     -Decolonization
     -Conflict between White South Africans vs. Black South Africans
     -A policy of apartheid created complete segregation of the races
     -In 1959, the minority government set up reserves, called homelands, for the country's major black groups. Blacks weren't allowed to live in white areas unless they worked as servants or laborers for whites
Leaders:
     -Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu of the ANC (African National Congress) vs. FW de Klerk and the National Party
     -The leaders of the African National Congress formed this group to fight for their rights and oppose apartheid
Methods:
     -Nelson Mandela organized strikes and boycotts to protest racial policies, and in doing so caused the government to ban the ANC and imprison Nelson Mandela
     -Desmond Tutu led an economic campaign against apartheid and asked foreign nations not to do business with South Africa. Many nations imposed trade restrictions and isolated South Africa
     -Mandela was elected president after being released from jail, and in 1996 South African lawmakers passed a new democratic constitution. It guaranteed equal rights for all citizens and included a bill of rights modeled on the U.S. Bill of Rights
Lingering Problems: 
     -High crime rates were among the highest in the world
     -40% of South Africa's blacks were unemployed, and about 60% lived below poverty
     -An economic downturn discouraged foreign investment 
     -AIDS epidemic, which was estimated that 6 million South Africans were likely to die of AIDS]]> 2017-03-28 13:46:48 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163124836 India (Bernardo Renteria) (JC-Excellent description and few errors of proofreading. Picture is excellent chronicle of independence struggle. Could use more on methods of Jinnah in achieving independence, first from Britain and then from India in creating an independent Pakistan). renteber001 https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163405097 Issues:
*India wanted to gain independence from their colonial leaders, Great Britain.
*The cultural divide between Hindus and Muslims.
*Conflict on how to divide power and land among the cultural groups into Pakistan (majority-Muslim) and India (majority-Hindu).

Leaders:
*Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) was the leader of the Indian National Congress. He was a Hindu. He was killed by a Hindu extremist.
*Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the leader of the Muslim League. He was Muslim.

Methods:
*Peaceful protests.(Although some would result in violence.)
*Gandhi urged the INC to launch a policy of noncooperation.
*They boycotted against British products.
*There were strikes and demonstrations which would result in about 60,000 arrest.
*The Salt March was a demonstration against the Salt Acts. People marched towards the coast 240 miles away to dry out their own salt. Some also tried to take down a salt factory, but were met with brutality from police.

Lingering Problems:
*Conflict over Kashmir which ended in 1949 with U.N. intervention. The result was a third ruled by Pakistan and the rest ruled by India.
*Sikh extremists who wanted an independent state and attacked symbols of Indian authority.
*Religious tensions that resulted in violence at times.
*The tense relationship between Pakistan and India with both having nuclear weapons in their arsenal.
]]> 2017-03-29 13:07:05 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163405097 Cuba (Fernanda) (JC-Solid information about the basics of the revolution. Proofread sections. Picture?) roselfer000 https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163405567 Issues:
-Fulgencio Batista (that had US economic support) was overthrown by Castro which led many people to praise him.
-Fidel Castro was a harsh dictator, he would suspend elections, jail or execute opponents, and control the press.
-Cuban economy was supported by the Soviets after the US ceased trade with them.

Leaders: Fidel Castro
 Fidel Castro was a young lawyer that ruled Cuba as a dictator. He helped overthrow the unpopular dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro then became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. He ruled Cuba for more than 40 years.
Methods:
Communism:
Cuba's private commerce and industry was Nationalized, land reforms were made. Castro made an alignment with the Soviet union making the America's distrust him more, this resulted in breaking diplomatic relations.
Cuba became the Soviet Union's chief supporter and trade partner. They became entirely dependent on the Soviets trade policies to maintain a standard living.

Lingering Problems:
After the Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba depended entirely on the Soviet Union. Fidel Castro was totally taken by surprise when the Soviet Union collapsed. This meant that they would no longer have resources resulting in economic decline and fewer goods such as oil making them dependent on fossil fuels.

]]> 2017-03-29 13:08:24 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163405567 Vietnam (Brandon) (JC-multiple missing content items given amount of time in class to prepare. Check the requirements sheet and resubmit). https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163687652 Issues: 
  • Vietnam was controlled by France; a nationalist independence movement began to develop as a result. 
  • Vietnam was divided into a North and South, where the North was Communist   and the South was an anti-communist dictatorship set up by the U.S.and France
  • U.S. invasion to prevent the  spread  of communism
Leaders: Ho Chi Minh
  • He was a  young  Vietnamese nationalist who turned to the communists for  help in his struggle 
  • His Indochinese Communist Party led revolts and strikes against the French during the  1930's
Methods: Communism under Ho Chi Hinh: increasing capitalism after his death
  • United the Vietnamese  people against the French and later the U.S.
  • Convinced South Vietnamese people to turn against their dictator and join the Viet Cong 
  • Use of guerrilla warfare against the U.S, who in turn bombed jungles and villages, allowing the North Vietnamese to rally people against them for killing civilians
Lingering Problems: Spreading communism to cambodia
]]> 2017-03-30 13:03:20 UTC https://padlet.com/aeriegallegos/w6z0h9qlragn/wish/163687652