Midterm Outline by MIKHAYLA WHITTED https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx 12/27 - It can't be that bad. 1/20 - It was that bad. en-us 2022-12-20 13:03:28 UTC 2025-08-18 04:03:12 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/721448857/48f16322f4dec4cef5f2e87acfd3d35e/sparkle_on.jpg Declaration of Independence 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441461585 The unanimous decision from the 13 states to form a unity and separate themselves from Great Britain entirely.


]]> 2023-01-11 21:14:21 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441461585 Constitution 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441542945 A supreme law in the US that consists of several sections and articles, along with amendments that create liberties for all citizens of US.]]> 2023-01-11 23:16:59 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441542945 Brutus No. 1 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441551725 Anti-federalists who are for a weaker government with smaller liberties for the people.]]> 2023-01-11 23:33:43 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441551725 Federalist 10 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441566969 A book written by James Madison who agreed with the superiority of a large government that distributes powers between both the state and government. ]]> 2023-01-12 00:03:02 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441566969 Federalist 51 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441634008 A document that deconcentrated the power of the government by splitting it into branches. The powers of all of the branches were then balanced so none of them could overthrow the other, but could keep each other in check.]]> 2023-01-12 01:38:13 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441634008 Articles of Confederation 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441643092 A placeholder for the government after the events of the revolution. But it didn't do much else and was very messy.]]> 2023-01-12 01:49:52 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2441643092 Unit 1 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446794198 2023-01-17 13:04:44 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446794198 Types of Federalism 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446798640 2023-01-17 13:08:42 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446798640 Dual Federalism 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446806521 Also known as layer cake federalism, is where power is strictly divided between states, national, and local government. ]]> 2023-01-17 13:15:01 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446806521 Cooperative Federalism 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446809176 Also known as "Marble Cake" Federalism, it has the powers of the national, state, and local government mixed together. ]]> 2023-01-17 13:17:11 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446809176 State Government 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446819138 2023-01-17 13:24:48 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446819138 National Government 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446819655 2023-01-17 13:25:15 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446819655 Expressed Powers 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446825963 Powers that were explicitly stated in the Constitution]]> 2023-01-17 13:29:53 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446825963 Implied Powers 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446827921 Powers that weren't explicitly stated in the constitution but are suggested]]> 2023-01-17 13:31:20 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446827921 Inherent Powers 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446831183 Powers that were granted by supremacy + N&P clauses ]]> 2023-01-17 13:33:32 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446831183 Denied Powers 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446834314 Any power that are exclusive to the national government (See National Government Section)]]> 2023-01-17 13:35:38 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446834314 Reserved Powers 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446835319 Any power granted by the 10th Amendment.

10th Amendment: Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution are reserved to the state respectfully, or to the people.
]]> 2023-01-17 13:36:19 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446835319 Grants 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446869995 Money given by the national government to states.]]> 2023-01-17 14:00:30 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446869995 Block Grants 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446872011 Grants for mostly general use by the states.]]> 2023-01-17 14:01:43 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446872011 Categorial Grants 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446874301 Opposite of block grants. Are supposed to be used for specific purposes by the states.]]> 2023-01-17 14:03:20 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446874301 Project Grants 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446876868 Mostly for competitive things and are used as awards/prize money. ]]> 2023-01-17 14:04:56 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446876868 Formula Grants 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446880343 This money is supposed to be ran through a math problem to determine the best use for it.]]> 2023-01-17 14:07:19 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2446880343 Limited Government 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450430845 A government with limited power.]]> 2023-01-19 21:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450430845 Democratic Ideals 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450431044 2023-01-19 21:57:21 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450431044 Natural Rights 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450466725 Rights that citizens are naturally born with. (Human Rights)]]> 2023-01-19 23:01:06 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450466725 Social Contract 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450468620 An agreement between members of a society to all cooperate for both a greater society and benefits like protection.]]> 2023-01-19 23:05:17 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450468620 Republicanism 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450470677 Citizenship in a republic state]]> 2023-01-19 23:09:01 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450470677 Necessary and Proper Clause 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450471595 The Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.]]> 2023-01-19 23:10:43 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450471595 Popular Sovereignty 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450474016 Giving most (or all) of the power for decision making to the people.]]> 2023-01-19 23:15:10 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450474016 Legislative Branch 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450516867 Composed of The House of Representatives and the Senate (Together both make up Congress). It's main job is to both draft new laws and accepting or rejecting presidential nominations for agencies. They can also declare war. ]]> 2023-01-20 00:35:39 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2450516867 Executive Branch 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451033560 Composed of the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, and their committees and agencies. It's responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws from the judicial branch. ]]> 2023-01-20 13:14:36 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451033560 Judicial Branch 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451038135 Composed of the Supreme Court (SCOTUS) and federal courts. It's job is to interpret the meaning of laws given by the Legislative branch, to tell if they are constitutional, and to apply said laws to cases.]]> 2023-01-20 13:19:42 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451038135 The President 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451079386 The leader of the country that typically serves a four-year term and can only be elected twice. They have to be at least 35 years old and they can either be a native US citizen or they can have citizenship of at least 15 years. They are head of state, leader of the federal government, and Commander in Chief of the United States armed forces during their term. ]]> 2023-01-20 13:56:51 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451079386 Unit 2 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451097222 2023-01-20 14:11:48 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451097222 Unit 3 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451101679 2023-01-20 14:14:11 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451101679 Divided Government 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451109596 2023-01-20 14:20:35 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451109596 Vice President 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451117228 The support or "backup" of the president. Incase a president is incapacitated or unable to serve in any way (mostly from old age or death) the vice president will take over as president. Unlike the president, they can serve as many terms as they want under different presidents.]]> 2023-01-20 14:26:33 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451117228 The Cabinet 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451124661 The presidential advisory which is composed of the vice president, heads of executive departments, and esteemed government individuals. Typically members are nominated and accepted by the Senate.]]> 2023-01-20 14:31:59 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451124661 Supreme Court (SCOTUS) 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451495702 Composed of nine Justices including one Chief Justice. They decide certain federal cases if they are deemed important enough. ]]> 2023-01-20 19:43:18 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451495702 Bill of Rights 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451531802 The first 10 amendments of the US, all of which discuss freedoms for the people like Civil Rights and Liberties.]]> 2023-01-20 20:25:19 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451531802 Civil Rights 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451537243 Basically equal rights for every citizen of the united states regardless of gender, race, or sexuality. ]]> 2023-01-20 20:32:36 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451537243 Civil Liberties 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451566630 The protection of citizens of unwarranted actions made by the government.]]> 2023-01-20 21:18:39 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451566630 Engel vs Vitale 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451584274 In 1962, New York classrooms would have their students salute the US flag to which they would recite a prayer afterwards led by a teacher or student. Two Jewish families, a member of the American Ethical Union, a Unitarian, and a non-religious person sued the local school board, which required public schools in the district to have the prayer recited. This was because they had claimed that this prayer violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. Eventually the group sent their case to the Supreme Court after the New York courts upheld the prayer, where it was ruled unconstitutional and Engel won.]]> 2023-01-20 21:48:46 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451584274 First Amendment 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451585751 The freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petitioning.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
]]> 2023-01-20 21:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451585751 Tinker v. Des Moines 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451601609 During the Vietnam War, five students ranging from ages 13-16 wore 2-inch thick black armbands to school for 2 weeks to oppose the war. After the students refused to take off the bands, there was a threat for suspension to any student who did the same.  
In different schools, Mary Beth Tinker, her brother, John Tinker, and Christopher Eckardt decided to do the same. Their schools sent the teenagers home and were indefinitely suspended until they stopped wearing the bands. Their parents filed suit against the school district for violating the student’s First Amendment right to free speech. The case was dismissed before being brought up to the Supreme Court, where they ruled in favor of the Tinkers.]]> 2023-01-20 22:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451601609 Wisconsin vs. Yoder 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451607488 Since the Amish and Mennonite are very disconnected from society due to their heavy Christian/Catholic beliefs, they typically do not send their children to school and opt instead for homeschooling or no school at all. Though after the US raised the age for children to go to school, it created an issue for both the Amish and Mennonite communities.
Frieda Yoder and two other students had stopped attending school at the end of eighth grade. Though their parents were fined in court (for five dollars) for their children no longer attending school. After it however, Mr Yoder brought it up with the Supreme Court, to which they reversed the fine for the trial. Later, the Court unanimously ruled in favor of Yoder.]]> 2023-01-20 22:38:27 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451607488 Schenck v. U.S. 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451613762 Back in 1917, Charles T. Schenck printed and mailed 15,000 fliers to draft-age men arguing that conscription (the draft of the Espionage Act) was unconstitutional and urging them to resist. He was later convicted for defying the act and he then requested for the Supreme Court to review his case. Later in 1919, they agreed and eventually ruled in favor of the United States as Schenck was inciting riots with his fliers.]]> 2023-01-20 22:50:05 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451613762 New York Times Co. v United States 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451621331 During the Vietnam War, Daniel Ellsberg, a former military analyst, felt so strongly that the U.S. should not be in Vietnam that in 1971, he illegally copied over 7,000 pages of classified reports kept at the RAND Corporation, a research institution where he worked. These documents contained details about the decision-making plans behind the U.S.’s intervention in the Vietnam war. Neil Sheehan wanted to publish the papers, however he did not want to get into legal trouble with the Espionage Act. Though the New York Times and The Washington Post started printing copies before both were stopped by a federal judge. Both newspapers however argued that this was a violation of the First Amendment. Two different courts held the cases and both newspapers won. The government appealed, but the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled for the Washington Post, while the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled for the government (against the New York Times). After the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, the justices ruled 6-3 for the newspapers.]]> 2023-01-20 23:11:41 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451621331 Second Amendment 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451622995 The right to bear arms (guns)

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
]]> 2023-01-20 23:16:20 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451622995 Fourth Amendment 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451625543 The right to refuse a government agent (like a police officer) to not search your property or yourself without a warrant. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
]]> 2023-01-20 23:24:22 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451625543 Eighth Amendment 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451626916 The liberty of protection from excessive, cruel, or unusual punishment. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted.
]]> 2023-01-20 23:28:42 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451626916 Rights of the Accused 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451628006 2023-01-20 23:32:23 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451628006 Fifth Amendment 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451635162 An assortment of liberties for the accused during trials.

Self Incrimination - The accused is not required to give a testimony that convicts themself as guilty.
Double Jeopardy Clause - The accused cannot be convicted of the same crime twice following the end of their trial, following either conviction or acquittal.
Trial By Grand Jury - Self Explanatory. It gives the right for the accused to have a trial by a grand jury.
Compensation - With unlawful searching, compensation will be given whether or not the person was convicted of the crime.
Due Process - Prevention of the government seizing liberty or property of the accused without due process of the law.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.


]]> 2023-01-20 23:58:28 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451635162 Sixth Amendment 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451636660 More liberties/rights for the accused during a trial.

- Right to a speedy trial
- Right to a trial by an impartial jury 
- Right to be informed of what they were charged with


]]> 2023-01-21 00:04:01 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451636660 14th Amendment 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451639614 The natural birthright of every us citizen to be treated equally and all have the same rights.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the U.S. and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection on the laws.

]]> 2023-01-21 00:16:05 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451639614 Selective Incorporation 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451640447 A process used by the government to ensure that U.S citizens do not have their rights or liberties violated by laws. ]]> 2023-01-21 00:19:28 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451640447 McDonald v. City of Chicago 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451645434 Though at this point the second amendment was already in place, in 1982, Chicago implemented a handgun ban that required any individual in possession of a handgun to register it, a long process that effectively prevented most citizens from owning guns. In 2008, the Supreme Court shot down a handgun ban in D.C., to which afterward Otis McDonald sued Chicago for violation of the 14th amendment. After the federal district ruled for Chicago, McDonald offered the case to the Supreme Court which they accepted. It was a close 5-4 ruling but McDonald ended up winning.l]]> 2023-01-21 00:37:58 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451645434 Gideon v. Wainwright 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451648603 In 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested after a burglary in Florida. As he was not very fortunate money-wise, he could not afford a lawyer and inevitably lost his case. Whilst in prison he studied law and eventually filed a habeas corpus petition to the Florida Supreme Court, stating that he was improperly imprisoned on the grounds of his Sixth Amendment rights being violated. Though the court still ruled against him so he sent his case to the Supreme Court. In turn, they ruled in favor of Gideon in a 7-0 vote.

]]> 2023-01-21 00:50:32 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451648603 De Jure 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451650766 Refers to conditions that are legally codified and enforced within a society. Much like the act of segregation between black and white people after the civil war.

]]> 2023-01-21 00:59:25 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451650766 De Facto 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451656674 Refers to conditions and forces that exist as a reality in society that may contradict legal principles. Quite like modern day racism. Even though there aren't any laws that go against black people, there are still occasional practices in workplaces or school systems that could classify as discrimination. ]]> 2023-01-21 01:24:08 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451656674 Congress 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451658530 2023-01-21 01:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451658530 House of Representatives 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451660435 Made up of 435 elected representatives from each of the 50 states and can only serve 2 years per term.]]> 2023-01-21 01:39:03 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451660435 Senate 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451660683 Composed of 2 senators for each of the 50 states.]]> 2023-01-21 01:40:10 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451660683 Delegates 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451661600 Congressmen that put their faith entirely in the voter's decisions.]]> 2023-01-21 01:43:50 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451661600 Politcos 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451662161 Congressmen that blend the roles of delegate and trustee, using both their own judgement and the people's to come to a decision.]]> 2023-01-21 01:46:13 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451662161 Trustees 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451662903 Congressmen that only use their own judgement to come to a decision regardless of the peoples' choice.  ]]> 2023-01-21 01:48:59 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451662903 Committees 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451664804 2023-01-21 01:56:53 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451664804 Standing 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451665086 Permanent committees that are used in every congress session]]> 2023-01-21 01:58:01 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451665086 Conference 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451665453 Committees specifically used for working out differences between bills with the Senate and House of Representatives. ]]> 2023-01-21 01:59:29 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451665453 Bill Making 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451665660 2023-01-21 02:00:22 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451665660 Law Making 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451666229 The process of a bill going through Congress is so long and complicated that often many bills never become law due to some of them "dying" within the process. ]]> 2023-01-21 02:02:47 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451666229 Filibuster 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451667073 A political scheme where a senator speaks for hours upon hours to prevent a bill from being passed. Since it's kind of a "wait your turn" type event during a typical session, this can often "talk a bill to death."]]> 2023-01-21 02:06:16 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451667073 Legend 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451668768 Unit 1 = Red
Unit 2 = Blue
Unit 3 = Purple]]> 2023-01-21 02:13:12 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451668768 Gerrymandering 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451670134 Named after Elbridge Gerry, who signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a mythological salamander. (Unnecessary Note: ??? Why would he do that)]]> 2023-01-21 02:18:48 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451670134 Formal Powers 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451672632 Powers listed in the constitution.]]> 2023-01-21 02:29:50 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451672632 Informal Powers 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451672809 Powers not listed in the constitution.]]> 2023-01-21 02:30:39 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451672809 Chief Executive 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451674260 This power makes the president responsible for carrying out laws, appointing cabinet members and Supreme Court judges with approval from the Senate, the Administrator of 15 Cabinet departments and all federal agencies, and granting pardons.]]> 2023-01-21 02:34:36 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451674260 Head of the State 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451676325 The president becomes the symbol or representative of the country and because of it are responsible for greeting foreign figures. They also do small things like promoting national spirit by kicking off the baseball season with the first pitch. (Sounds fun)]]> 2023-01-21 02:41:24 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451676325 Chief Diplomat 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451677354 Almost kind of like being Head of the State but in a more formal manner. They direct foreign policy of the U.S and appoint ambassadors, ministers, and consuls. They also sign treaties with foreign nations with consent from the senate, and they also meet with foreign leaders. This job keeps up their relationships with other nations along with regulating them.]]> 2023-01-21 02:45:46 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451677354 Commander in Chief 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451678701 For this job, the president commands and assigns generals to armies in the military. They do have the option to order soldiers into battle or withdraw them, but they cannot start wars without permission from the legislative branch.]]> 2023-01-21 02:50:27 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451678701 Chief Legislator/Policymaker 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451680152 Congress and the President often go hand in hand with making laws, and though each have equal amounts of power the president's power is much more intimidating. The president could recommend laws to Congress, but also pressure lawmakers to vote for or against bills, and even threaten to veto a bill if they don't find it pleasing. ]]> 2023-01-21 02:56:47 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451680152 Pardons 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451680799 Personal apologies from the president about imprisonment. Basically with a pardon, any criminal in jail could be released no matter the magnitude of their crimes.]]> 2023-01-21 02:58:59 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451680799 Economic Leader 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451682978 As president, though it is not listed in the constitution, they are still believed to be partially responsible for upholding and keeping the economy in check. This is not true, however, but they do work with Congress to write the federal budget. Along with appointing members of the Federal Reserve Board.]]> 2023-01-21 03:05:46 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451682978 Shaw v. Reno 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451833539 After North Carolina's legislator redrew District lines for District 12 to connect geographically separate areas densely populated by minority voters into a single district, five white voters filed a lawsuit against the state and the federal offices of U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. They claimed that District 12 was gerrymandered and violated the 14th Amendment due to Equal Protection Clause as the redrawing of the district was made for racial discrimination. The case however was dismissed but was later picked up by the Supreme Court by an appeal where Shaw won in a 5-4 decision. ]]> 2023-01-21 12:24:17 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451833539 Baker v. Carr 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451845493 In the late 1950s, Tennessee was still using boundaries between electoral districts. Now this would have been fine, but the states population had fluctuated a lot in between 1901 and 1950 and now more people lived in Memphis. An eligible voter who lived in an urban area of Shelby County, Charles Baker, felt that his vote no longer mattered and that his equal protection rights were being violated. He argued that his vote was not the same as voters in different areas, however his claim was dismissed. Baker then appealed to the Supreme Court who agreed to hear the case, and later ruled 6-2 in favor of Baker.]]> 2023-01-21 12:59:28 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451845493 Amendment 22 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451862275 A restriction on presidential terms as no president can serve more than 2 terms or 10 years total in office.]]> 2023-01-21 13:45:25 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451862275 Amendment 25 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451864178 A congregated list of restrictions and allowances considering the president's stay in office.

- When a vacancy opens in the Vice President's office, President may appoint a new one with consent from both houses
- President may temporarily give up their position by writing a letter to the Speaker of the House & President Pro Tempore but they also must write a new letter to resume their term
- Vice President and the majority of the cabinet can write a letter to remove the President, or 2/3 of Congress can declare the President unfit to serve]]> 2023-01-21 13:49:54 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451864178 Federalist 70 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451867811 An essay written by Alexander Hamilton that argued for a stronger safer government that included accountability but also energy and power. This mainly focused on the executive branch which Hamilton argued needed to be unified in order for the government to thrive.]]> 2023-01-21 14:00:03 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451867811 The Federal Bureaucracy 2015851 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451880636 Just all of the agencies, departments, and bureaus of the Executive Branch. They're responsible for implementing and enforcing laws and around 4 million people work in the Bureaucracy. ]]> 2023-01-21 14:30:49 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/w5tkx8oq3wpngptx/wish/2451880636