• Cox, A. (2024) ‘Algorithmic Literacy, AI Literacy and Responsible Generative AI Literacy’

• Kohn, S. and Leffler-Krebs, S. (2025) ‘Building AI Literacy through Promptathons: The Deutsche Telekom Case’

• Lee, H.-P. (Hank) et al. (2025) ‘The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers’

• Liu, X., Zhang, L. and Wei, X. (2025) ‘Generative Artificial Intelligence Literacy: Scale Development and Its Effect on Job Performance’

• Passlack, N., Hammerschmidt, T. and Posegga, O. (2025) ‘With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility: What Shapes AI Literacy for Responsible Interactions of Knowledge Workers With AI?’

• Calvino, F., Reijerink, J. and Samek, L. (2025) 'The effects of generative AI on productivity, innovation and entrepreneurship'

• Dakan, R. and Feller, J. (2025) Framework for AI Fluency (Practical Summary Document)

• Mollick, E. (2024) Co-intelligence: living and working with AI

• Sarkar, A. (2025) How to stop AI from killing your critical thinking

• University of Maryland (2025) Research Guides: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Information Literacy: Home.

The ‘jagged frontier’ is described as the uneven and unpredictable performance of GenAI in different types of tasks, requiring users to understand the abilities, nuances, and limitations of GenAI tools and output. Anecdotes and tangible examples are provided of using GenAI as a cognitive partner to humans in work-related tasks.

The author is a professor at The Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania (United States) and Co-Director of the Generative AI Labs at Wharton. He has 22 indexed publications in Web of Science, cited 3,797 times. Google Scholar has ~16,000 citations, reflecting impact beyond peer-reviewed journal publications, including this book. He publishes a research-based AI newsletter ‘One Useful Thing’.

Building on existing literature, this article suggests the concept of ‘responsible GenAI literacy’ that is made up of four types of knowledge:

• Theoretical knowledge of GenAI

• Ethical knowledge related to GenAI

• Pragmatic knowledge to select and use GenAI appropriately

• Reflective knowledge for awareness of the user’s engagement with GenAI

Andrew Cox is a professor at the University of Sheffield Information School, with 131 indexed publications and 10 non-indexed documents in Web of Science cited 2,592 times. Journal of Web Librarianship is an international, peer-reviewed journal covering web-based ILS research and practice.

The authors are affiliated with the University of Bamberg (Germany). Lead author Nina Passlack is a doctoral candidate at the University of Bamberg and has seven indexed publications in Web of Science.  Information Systems Frontiers is a peer-reviewed journal focusing on interdisciplinary approaches in Information Systems and Information Technology from academic and industry perspectives.

Areas noted for future study include user understanding of GenAI capabilities and limitations and how workers address incorrect AI-generated information.

The authors are economists at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, a major public policy institution. Working Papers are not OECD official views; working papers generally are not peer-reviewed. Lead author Flavio Calvino has seven indexed publications on Web of Science cited 203 times; Google Scholar has 43 publications and 1903 citations, reflecting broader impact consistent with OECD grey literature.

It offers forward-looking approaches on GenAI as a thought partner that supports metacognition and critical thinking, with a prototype from Microsoft’s Tools For Thought project. The insights focused on GenAI tools, but the ‘metacognition scaffolding’ concept is generalisable to training and guidance on critical thinking in GenAI information practices.

Advait Sarkar is affiliated with Microsoft Research (United Kingdom) and University of Cambridge (United Kingdom). He has 72 indexed documents in Web of Science cited 661 times.

The literature review, survey design, and regression modelling are clearly outlined. Noted limitations include the sample skewed to  fluent English speakers and younger, frequent GenAI users.

Hao-Ping Lee is a PhD student at Carnegie Mellon University (United States), with 26 indexed documents in Web of Science* cited 275 times. The six co-authors are affiliated with Microsoft Research (United Kingdom) where Lee interned in 2024. CHI is the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group of the ACM scientific organisation. Its conference is highly regarded; submitted papers are accepted based on peer review by subcommittee members and external reviewers.

^{* There are two Web of Science entries (Hao-Ping Lee and Lee, Hao-Ping (Hank)); combined records reflected above, validated via web results.}

The literature review, GAIL framework, and methodology are clearly outlined. GAIL dimensions are: technical, prompting, content evaluation, innovation, and ethics/compliance. The 2024 empirical study sample was of 344 public sector employees in mainland China. Limitations and areas for future research were noted, including: China’s culture and regulatory environment may limit ability to generalise internationally; potential negative consequences (e.g., over-reliance on AI; impact on critical thinking) were not explored.

The authors are affiliated with Renmin University of China. Lead author Xin Liu is a Professor at the School of Public Administration and Policy, with four indexed publications in Web of Science*, cited five times (all published 2025). Behavioral Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal.

^{* Multiple records are associated with this name and institution; the additional records not linked to this paper’s author ORCID are not included above, but this could indicate this author may have additional publications.}

Stefan Kohn is affiliated with Hochschule Darmstadt (Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Germany), with 11 indexed and three non-indexed publications in Web of Science, cited 116 times. Sindy Leffler-Krebs is employed by Deutsche Telekom (Germany) in Compliance. The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM) Innovation Conference accepts outline submissions based on a double-blind evaluation by a panel with academic and industry expertise.

• Delegation: deciding whether and how to engage with GenAI

• Description: effectively prompting useful GenAI behaviours and outputs

• Discernment: accurately assessing GenAI behaviours and outputs

• Diligence: taking responsibility for GenAI work

Although the framework is aimed at higher education, it is generalisable to other sectors.

Open educational resources based on this Framework were developed by Dakan, Feller, and Anthropic (a generative AI public benefit corporation), with support from the Higher Education Authority Ireland, and made available under a Creative Commons license.

Rick Dakan is a professor at Ringling College of Art and Design (United States). There are publications on Web of Science or Scopus; Google Scholar provides an indicative 26 results but no author profile. Joseph Feller is a professor at University College Cork (Ireland), with 47 indexed publications in Web of Science cited 919 times.

The LibGuide was developed by the university’s Teaching and Learning Transformation Center in collaboration with The Institute for Trustworthy AI in Law & Society, a partnership with other American universities and private sector organisations, and funded by an award from the National Science Foundation and National Institute of Standard and Technology.