https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty Based on "The Gene: An Intimate History" en-us 2021-02-17 18:48:10 UTC 2025-10-07 10:38:43 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9ec.png ffijalkowski1 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1212510504 Charles Darwin publishes "On the Origin of Species"]]> 2021-02-17 18:51:22 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1212510504 dianadau2004 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1837862812 The beginning of the experiments on fruit flies, conducted on the Columbia University by Thomas Morgan in order to discover the ways and combinations in which the genes which are responsible for certain features of an organism are placed on chromosomes and the relationships between them]]> 2021-10-23 11:23:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1837862812 ffijalkowski1 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1853292998 Oswald Avery publishes his results, showing that the factor that transfers genetic information is DNA (experiment involving making solutions with components of destroyed virulent bacteria and checking which chemical component is necessary in this solution to be able to transfer traits to strains of no-virulent bacteria) ]]> 2021-10-29 06:13:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1853292998 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1854369971 Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes one of the major works of the synthesis of evolutionary biology with genetics (modern synthesis of evolutionary theory), Genetics and the Origin of Species, which was crucial in spreading the idea that it is through mutations in genes that natural selection takes place.  ]]> 2021-10-29 16:37:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1854369971 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1854382354 Ronald Fisher publishes The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance in which he introduces the term variance, as well as presents the genetics conceptual model which shows that continuous variation amongst phenotypic traits could be the result of a combined action of many discrete genes (thus, Mendelian inheritance).  ]]> 2021-10-29 16:43:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1854382354 ibaranczak https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856535668 Nobel Prize for James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins in the field of physiology or medicine for the development and construction of a spatial model of a DNA double helix.]]> 2021-10-31 12:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856535668 ibaranczak https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856543163 1) James Watson's discovery of the complementarity of nitrogen bases in DNA.
2) Building a DNA model by James Watson and Francis Crick.
3) Watson and Crick's publication of the article Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids. A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.]]> 2021-10-31 12:08:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856543163 ibaranczak https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856545535 Erwin Chargaff's discovery of equal proportion of adenine and thymine, and guanin and cytosine.]]> 2021-10-31 12:11:23 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856545535 ibaranczak https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856553136 Rosalind Franklin and Ray Gosling take the photograph 51 – the best X-ray of DNA.]]> 2021-10-31 12:18:43 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856553136 ibaranczak https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856558013 The discovery by Linus Pauling that proteins are made of amino acids and the creation of a three-dimensional model.]]> 2021-10-31 12:23:21 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1856558013 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1862597870 Mendel publishes the results of his studies on the genetic experiments he did on pea flowers in the years from 1856 to 1863. He is called the "Father of Genetics" because these experiments contributed greatly to what we know now about genetics and inheritance; however, throughout his life Mendel never got the recognition that he deserved for his work.]]> 2021-11-02 19:01:14 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1862597870 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1866045162 The Pa-Ja-Mo Paper
introduced the three R's of gene physiology]]> 2021-11-04 00:02:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1866045162 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1866048039 A. Kornberg's E. coli experiment 
DNA replication]]> 2021-11-04 00:04:19 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1866048039 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1897602672 The field of eugenics has gained popularity in the USA. Carrie Buck is falsely diagnosed as an "imbecile" and sterilized against her will.]]> 2021-11-17 18:02:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1897602672 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1904643282 Frederick Griffith publishes his article about bacterial transformation, demonstrated by an experiment with rough and smooth Pneumococci. The discovery allowed scientists to finally research the chemical formula of DNA.]]> 2021-11-21 17:38:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1904643282 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1904809025 The Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring (commonly known as the Sterilization Law) was passed in Germany. The outlines for the law were inspired by the American eugenics program and it allowed the sterilization of anyone with a hereditary disease (including mental deficiency, schizophrenia, epilepsy, depression, blindness, deafness and serious deformities). Later a law was added allowing sterilization of "dangerous criminals" (including political dissidents, writers and journalists). ]]> 2021-11-21 21:21:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1904809025 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1904813456 Trofim Lysenko introduces "shock therapy" and its supposed role in changing hereditary influences in animals and plants. He referred to experiments in which he exposed wheat strains to cold and drought thereby causing them to acquire a hereditary resistance to adversity. Those claims were found to be fraudulent. ]]> 2021-11-21 21:30:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1904813456 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915562151 Francis Galton publishes a provocative book "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in which he laid out a strategic plan for the improvement of the human race. ]]> 2021-11-27 16:27:25 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915562151 weronkaw2005 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915575893 Fleeming Jenkin pulls Darwin's book, "On the Origin of Species", through mud. ]]> 2021-11-27 16:48:14 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915575893 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915608037 On July 24th, 1912 the first international Conference of Eugenics opened at the Cecil Hotel in London.]]> 2021-11-27 17:38:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915608037 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915611334 In the spring of 1904, Galton presented his arguments for eugenics at a public lecture at the London School of Economics.]]> 2021-11-27 17:44:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915611334 gabisawczyn https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915661974 The first theories about genetics were quite different from what we know today. It was thought that semen traveled all throughout the body, gathering characteristics and then entered a woman's body. This essentially meant that men passed on all traits and women did not matter. This theory was later disputed when the Greeks started wondering: how are women born then, if all traits supposedly come from men? This lead to the second theory: that both men and women have semen and during conception it mixes. That little semen was supposed to consist of tiny versions of men- this theory was considered real even when the microscope was invented- some scientists tried to prove they could see little men in the semen.]]> 2021-11-27 19:17:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1915661974 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916379383 The works of Darwin and Wallace on the theory of evolution were first read at the meeting of the Linnaeus Society in London.]]> 2021-11-28 15:57:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916379383 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916401228 Darwin comes back from an expedition from South America, where he collected skulls o different animals. These fossils were the beginning of the evolution theory.]]> 2021-11-28 16:22:17 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916401228 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916460048 George Beadle and Edward Tatum conducted an experiment where they mutated bread moulds. Bread moulds don't need much to grow. Within their cells, there are multiple enzymes that synthesise all the nutrients needed for survival. Once the organism was mutated it was not able to produce all those chemicals and therefore, could not grow. Every mutant was missing a single metabolic function. This showed that genes must carry a code to build proteins. And proteins perform all the processes in organisms. ]]> 2021-11-28 17:28:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916460048 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916468149 A group of scientists (Brenner, Jacob, Watson, Crick) understood that there must be a 'messenger' which sends the code from DNA to the ribosomes which synthesise the protein. They took ribosomes to find out what is the messenger molecule. They discovered that RNA was responsible for this process. It transcribed the DNA code which then allowed the production of necessary proteins. ]]> 2021-11-28 17:38:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916468149 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916473484 After discovering the 'messenger' another great question arised. How was the 'message' decoded into protein? The scientists understood that no single base pair could carry build an amino acid alone. It had to be a sequence of base pairs. Crick and Brenner realised that the sequence consists of 3 base pairs (4^3=64 and there are about 20 amino acids). After that discovery, many scientists from around the world gathered to see which sequence encodes which amino acid and by 1965 all of the studies mapped every DNA triplet to the corresponding amino acid. ]]> 2021-11-28 17:44:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1916473484 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1929370996 In 1968 Paul Berg started studying the Simian virus 40, or SV40 for short. He wanted to insert other DNA into the SV40 virus which would bring said DNA into a living body.]]> 2021-12-05 09:45:21 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1929370996 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1929375471 Berg’s 1971 landmark gene-splicing experiment (see Figure) involved splicing a bit of the DNA of the bacterial virus known as lambda into the DNA of simian virus SV40, whose natural host is the monkey.]]> 2021-12-05 09:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1929375471 dianadau2004 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1961979367 The father of Siddhartha Mukherjee is discovered to have normotensive hydrocephalus, a heritable disease of the brain which is caused by the disorders of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid that lead to the presence of excessive amounts of it in the cerebral ventricles, creating a kind of pressure inside them, which might cause the symptoms such as problems with walking, urinary incontinence and dementia]]> 2021-12-23 12:29:19 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1961979367 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1967013999 A meeting hosted by James Watson, which discussed novel methods and discoveries related to gene sequencing ]]> 2021-12-28 22:15:28 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1967013999 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984608343 In December 1995 Human Genome Project researchers publish a physical map of the human genome that contains actual, physical locations of identifiable landmarks on chromosomes . It uses sequence-tagged sites as the landmarks to help order large segments of DNA. Link: https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/media/files/2021-02/1995_Physical_Map_0.pdf]]> 2022-01-10 19:20:53 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984608343 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984612753 On June 26, 2000, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium announces that it completed a working draft of the sequence of the human genome — the genetic blueprint for a human being. A ceremony is held at the White House. https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/media/files/2021-02/2000_FC_Notes_HGP_Announce.pdf]]> 2022-01-10 19:23:14 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984612753 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984615345 On February 12, 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium publishes a draft sequence and initial analysis of the human genome in the journal Nature. Francis Collins' notes for Nature: https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/media/files/2021-02/2001_Nature_FC_Notes.pdf]]> 2022-01-10 19:24:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984615345 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984618205 On April 14, 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium announces the successful completion of the Human Genome Project, more than two years ahead of schedule. https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/media/files/2021-02/2003_Joint_Proclamation.pdf]]> 2022-01-10 19:26:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984618205 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984622980 The International Human Genome Sequence Consortium publishes their finished human genome sequence. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03001]]> 2022-01-10 19:28:31 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984622980 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984634105 In May, Craig Venter publishes the first completely sequenced genome of a self-replicating, free-living organism—the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Picture: circular representation of the H. influenzae Rd genome.]]> 2022-01-10 19:34:11 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984634105 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984642580 Worm Genome Project completes sequence of C. elegans (the first animal to have its genome completely sequenced) and formally publishes it in December 1998.]]> 2022-01-10 19:38:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984642580 pola_c https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984648256 The Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) genome sequencing project is essentially completed in March of 2000 (although, it was roughly finished in 1999 after only 11 months of work). Sequencing was begun using mapped large-insert clones, but completed using a whole genome shotgun (WGS) approach; it represents the first demonstration of the WGS approach to sequencing in a multicellular organism. ]]> 2022-01-10 19:41:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/1984648256 dianadau2004 https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/2012182916 The book "The Bell Curve" by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray is published. It rises a great interest among the readers as in the text, the authors state that intelligence is intrinsic, meaning that it is conditioned by genetics and unequally divided between different races. White and Asian people were claimed to have a higher IQ in average than Africans and African Americans. Moreover, the differences in the levels of intelligence were stated be the reason for generally worse situation of African Americans in America.]]> 2022-01-25 20:32:22 UTC https://padlet.com/ffijalkowski1/w23lp7kuhe3mqmty/wish/2012182916