Each in the team is expected to upload your document and expected to give a breif summary. I shall check your page this evening again. Hope to see the posts.

The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract. A mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle.

Important applications of quantum mechanical theory include superconducting magnets, LEDs and the laser, the transistor and semiconductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as MRI and electron microscopy, and explanations for many biological and
physical phenomena

What Is Quantum Physics?:

Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and
even smaller microscopic levels. In the early 20th century, it was discovered
that the laws that govern macroscopic objects do not function the same in such
small realms.

What Does It Mean?

  "Quantum" comes from the Latin meaning "how much." 

1. It refers to the discrete units of matter and energy that are predicted by and observed in quantum physics.
2. Even space and time, which appear to be extremely continuous, have smallest possible values.

 Development of QUANTUM MECHANICS

With time more accuracy was observed in this field of science.The birth of quantum physics is attributed to Max Planck's 1900 paper on blackbody radiation. Development of the field was done by Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schroedinger, and many others. Ironically, Albert Einstein had serious theoretical issues with quantum mechanics and tried for many years to disprove or modify it.

Major Figures in Quantum Physics

• Niels Bohr
• Richard Feynman
• Albert Einstein

What's Special About Quantum Physics?:

In the realm of quantum physics, observing something actually influences the physical processes taking place. Light waves act like particles and particles act like waves (called wave particle duality). Matter can go from one spot to another without moving through the intervening space (quantum tunnelling).

Introduction to Article:

Quantum physics may seem like a mind-blowing topic in the realms of "thought-experiments" rather than having practical use. But there are applications of quantum physics that could lead to new exciting technologies like .

1. Quantum Computing

Certain computational capabilities that cannot be even imagined by conventional

methods may be made possible in the not so far away future.

Shor quantum algorithm would make an unparalleled and unheard of

quantum leap as far as factoring is concerned.

2. Quantum Cryptography

Cryptology includes

• Cryptography, the art of encrypting /sending a message 
  
• crypto analysis, theart of decrypting.
  

In order to do this, an algorithm (also called a cryptosystem or cipher) is utilized for jumbling up a message with what is known as the “key” to produce a cryptogram indecipherable and, therefore, unintelligible to any unauthorized party.

3. Quantum Teleportation

Quantum teleportation is one of the modern applications that exploit the concept of

Quantum entanglement. The experimental confirmation of teleportation is the proof of the quantum nature of entanglement and hence it becomes very important from the point of understanding of Quantum Mechanics.

4. Elitzur–Vaidman Bomb-Tester

Avshalom Elitzur and Lev Vaidman in 1993 proposed the following ‘bomb testing problem’ which was constructed and tested with

success by Anton Zeilinger.

The bomb-testing problem can be described as follows. Say, in a collection of bombs some are duds. The bombs can be detonated by a single photon. Dud bombs will not absorb the photon but good ones will absorb and explode. We can use the counterfactual phenomenon of Quantum Mechnanics to separate the usable bombs from the duds.

ANS 2)

Ludovico Lanz, Bassano Vacchini and Olaf Melsheime

ANS 3)

Niels Bohr began the path to the quantum mechanical model in 1913, but it took the additional theories of several other scientists to develop the quantum mechanical model. The combined work of Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Pascual Jordan and Erwin Schrödinger laid the foundation for Albert Einstein's work

2)Who are the authors of your journal?

3)Who developed model of Quantum Mechaniccs?

2)It is not exactly "connected," but a basic principle of quantum mechanics is that its laws must merge with those of classical mechanics if the particle being observed over a certain distance has a momentum significantly larger than the Planck's Constant divided by that distance.

1) Which part of quantum physics are you dealing in this article?

2) What are the characteristics of a single photon?

3) How are the quantum computations formulated?

Ans2. Single photon are largely free of the noise,or dechoherence , that plagues other system; can be easily manipulated to realize one qubit logic gates; enables encoding in any several degrees of freedom for examples polarization, timebin or path.

Ans3. Quantum computation are typically formulated using the quantum circuit model, a generalization of the circuit model for boolen logic

2) As it is mentioned in the video link I have posted Planck's quantum theory of fussy light tells us that light bulb filaments should be heated to a temperature of about 3200 kelvin to ensure that most of the energy is emitted as visible waves.

3) Evidence theory argues that numerical degrees of belief are not a measure of chance and do not obey all rules obeyed by the chance measurers.

i thougt that video which contains animation can be easily understandable so I choosed it.

IT IS PUBLISHED BY IEEE

Author(s):

Iwo Bia၂ynicki-Birula, Zofia Biłynicka-Birula and D. ter Haar

Name of journal:QUANTUM MECHANICS-The role of microsystems and macrosystems

published date:7 March 2007

webpage of the journal : (http://iopscience.iop.org/1751-8121/40/12/S14)

Download details: IP Address: 111.93.6.70

youtube link of the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVpXrbZ4bnU

There are two types of cryptography:

Asymmetric Key Cryptography is also known as Public Key Cryptography (PKC) where two sets of keys are generated. One is called a public key and other is called a private key. A public key is used to encrypt data whereas a private key is used to decrypt that data. Similar to symmetric cryptography, the smallest change in any of the two keys will make them useless to get the original data. A benefit of asymmetric cryptography is that you can share the public key with the whole world so that they can use it to send you encrypted data. And the private key is stored safely with the owner and is used for decryption. One disadvantage of this type of cryptography is that if your private key is lost or leaked then you will have to generate a new pair of public and private keys.

SPECTROSCOPY- is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as spectrometers, spectrophotometers, spectrographs or spectral analysers.

RED SHIFT-This happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum. In general, whether or not the radiation is within the visible spectrum, "redder" means an increase in wavelength – equivalent to a lower frequency and a lower photon energy, in accordance with, respectively, the wave and quantum theories of light.

RADIO GALAXY- They are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths, with luminosities up to 10³⁹ W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz.^[1] The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process. The observed structure in radio emission is determined by the interaction between twin jets and the external medium, modified by the effects of relativistic beaming. The host galaxies are almost exclusively large elliptical galaxies. Radio-loud active galaxies can be detected at large distances, making them valuable tools for oservational cosmology. Recently, much work has been done on the effects of these objects on the intergalactic medium, particularly in galaxy groups and clusters.

2.The neutron.

3.The gravity.

4. Throught= fusion

Scientists at Imperial College London have used the rules of quantum physics to create crystals of "designer atoms" that are transparent - or invisible.

Although quantum mechanics had a strong influence on the technological development of the 20th century — it allowed for example the invention of the transistor or the laser — its impact on the processing of information has only been understood recently. “Quantum information processing” is a new and dynamic research field at the crossroads of quantum mechanics and computer science. It looks at the consequence of encoding digital bits — the elementary units of information — on quantum objects.

Does it make a difference if a bit is written on a piece of paper, stored in an electronic chip, or encoded on a single electron? Applying quantum mechanics to information processing yields revolutionary properties and possibilities, without any equivalent in conventional information theory. In order to emphasize this difference, a digital bit is called a quantum bit or a "qubit" in this context. With the miniaturization of microprocessors, which will reach the quantum limit in the next fifteen to twenty years, this new field will necessarily gain prominence. Its ultimate goal is the development of a fullyquantum computer, featuring massively parallel processing capabilities.

Gajraj - hasn't been doing much work here.

Please be informed any laps will affect just not your padlet marks, put the next 2 assignments and test 2 as well. As everything is interlinked.

2.UNCRCKABLE CODES( information is sent via photons that have been randomly polarized)

3.SUPERPOWERFUL COMPUTERS

4.IMPROVED MICROSCOPES FOR BETTER ACCURACY

5.BIOLOGICAL COMPASSES

These are only some of the applications of quantum mechanics.

If we go to depth in most of the technology,quantum mechanics is applied directly or indirectly

Q-1) Why do we need to know about Quantum Mechanics?

Q-2) What is Wave Function?

Q-3) Is the Wave Packet Real?

Q-4) What are we measuring with the statistical interpretation?

A-1) We need to know about quantum physics because it explains the microscopic world and with the knowledge of microscopic world it becomes easier to know about macroscopic world.

A-2) Wave Function is the function which gives all the information that there is about a quantum system. A quantum system can be one or many particles.

A-3) The wave packet function is not real in the sense that you can't touch it in the classical manner. It is also not real in the sense that we have chosen a particular model to represent the true quantum state. However the quantum state is real. In fact it is the only reality! Our representation of the quantum state by a wave packet is to allow us to visualize a little bit what is going on.

A-4) We aren't measuring anything. We are giving predictions for what we expect from a measurement.

Quantum mechanics is the theory that describes the laws of physics accurately enough to predict almost anything we care about at human scale.  What I mean by this is that the theory is so incredibly good that it's essentially perfect when used as a practical "theory of everything".

QM can predict all chemical reactions to such an extreme level of accuracy that there is no device on earth that could identify the error between the calculated and experimentally obtained results.  The gyromagnetic ratio for an isolated electron has been calculated to twelve decimal places of physical accuracy.

Of course, by "quantum mechanics", I'm referring to quantum field theory, but QFT is really just a more elaborate form of traditional quantum mechanics, not a completely new paradigm.  Quantum field theory has better tools to describe specific systems under study (particle creation/annihilation, certain relativistic effects such as the color of gold, and the electromagnetic field).  But even using just the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation with a constant number of particles provides more accuracy for chemistry than anyone really needs.

The areas of fundamental physics that we still have a lot of work with include quantum gravity, dark energy, supersymmetry, and particle physics.  But these things don't really affect us day-to-day.

So if quantum mechanics is that great, why aren't we basically "done" with science?  The reason is because despite the simplicity of the theory (you can describe all postulates of QM in less than a page), actually using it to make predictions is incredibly hard.  The equations can't be solved exactly for more than a few particles.

In this sense, quantum mechanics has turned into an applied math problem.  The goal is to find clever ways to approximate the exact solutions.  Better approximations generally require more computational resources.  In fact, there's actually very little physics that's necessary for the applied mathematician in order to work on the problem.  You're essentially trying to find a quick way to get the eigenvalues of a linear operator (or at least the smallest eigenvalue).

Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger in 1935. It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects.

 The scenario presents a cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead , a state known as a quantum superpostion, as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur

Ans: In 1905 Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric phenomena by assuming that light can be absorbed in certain “packets”, only. He suggested that light has an elementary “quanta”; the photon, as it was then called. This contributed to the birth of a new physics in an important way. Many other quantities (that were previously considered “continuous”) were also discovered to be quantized. Thus the emerging new physics was named “quantum physics”.

Q:What is the essence of quantum physics? What makes it so different from classical physics?

A: Quantum physics takes account of the uncertainity present in nature. (By the way, you should also note, that quantum physics is not a single theory;rather, it is a general framework. More specifically, one talks about quantum mechanics,quantum thermodynamics,quantum field theory, etc.) Here the word “uncertanity” is not meant in the sense that we don’t know something(so that we would be uncertain of something). Quantum physics claims that reality isn’t something crystal clear; instead, it is somewhat misty. When we describe the electron’s position in an H-atom by a certain spherical “cloud”,we do so not because we are not sure where it is (which would be a simple lack of information on the observer’s side). Rather, the electron itself is not sure about its position (“intrinsic uncertanity”), and in some sense it is really both here and there and a little bit all around.

Q:Is the essence of quantum physics is that everything has a quanta?

A: Not really. In fact, it is not even true. For example, if we take an H-atom,we find that it has certain energy levels. But it is not true that “energy is quantized”. If we now take a different atom, we find different energy levels;the actual levels does not reflect some universal property of energy — rather,it is specific to the system in question. By the way, such things can happen in classical physics, too. For example, if we have a cord, it can only vibrate at certain frequencies. However, different cords can vibrate at all sort of different frequencies — altogether, in classical physics there is no natural unit of frequency.

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

AXIOM   - obviously true, taken for granted

ONTOLOGICA L   - a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being

PROTOTYPE   - an original model on which something is patterned: archetype

MYRIAD   - a great number

CRYPTOGRAPHY  - the art of encrypting

DECIPHER - decode

JEOPARDIZE  - to expose to danger or risk: imperil

SUPERLUMINAL PHENOMENA- a frame of reference traveling with a speed greater than the speed of light c.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body in both health and disease.

Electron microscope:An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.

A1:: Not really. In fact, it is not even true. For example, if we take an H-atom, we find that it has certain energy levels. But it is not true that “energy is quantized”. If we now take a different atom, we find different energy levels; the actual levels does not reflect some universal property of energy — rather, it is specific to the system in question. By the way, such things can happen in classical physics, too. For example, if we have a cord, it can only vibrate at certain frequencies. However, different cords can vibrate at all sort of different frequencies — altogether, in classical physics there is no natural unit of frequency.

Q2:So quantum physics must use probability theory?

A2:Yes, but it uses a “built in” probability theory which is different from the classical one. There is actually a mathematical difference between probabilities arising from lack of knowledge and intrinsic uncertanity. When we use classical probability theory, we tacitly assume that at each experimental round, each measurable quantity (described in the theory by a random variable) assumes a value — independently from the fact whether we have measured it or not. In reality, at each experimental round we can only measure some quantities. It turns out that the statistics emerging from experimental data actually contradicts the assumption that at each experimental round, all quantities had a value (and that only we did not know them). On the other hand, the probability theory used in quantum physics does not make such assumptions and in fact the predictions made by using quantum physics are in perfect agreement with experimental data. From the point of view of abstract mathematics, the main difference is that the event-lattice used in classical probability theory is distributive, whereas the one used by quantum physics isn’t.

Q3:I’ve heard that in quantum physics a lot of fancy mathematical objects like Hilbert spaces are used, and that in particular, measurable quantities are described by self-adjoint operators. Are these things related to what you have just explained?

A3:: Yes, these are mathematical elements of the “built in” probability theory used by quantum physics.

• Quark - One of the fundamental constituents of matter. These particles posses spin They come in six types: up (u), down (d), strange (s), charm (c), bottom (b), and top (t).
• Spin - A number that labels the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, essentially how much the particle rotates around its axis. This number can only take on discrete values.
• Wave Function - A wave function in quantum mechanics describes the quantum state of an isolated system of one or more particles. There is one wave function containing all the information about the entire system, not a separate wave function for each particle in the system.
• Quantum Gravity -  At very small distances, the principles of quantum mechanics are necessary to accurately describe physical phenomena. Developing a theory that incorporates both the principles of quantum mechanics and gravity, a theory of "quantum gravity", has proven to be extremely difficult.

I looked up various magazines and Books and found out all I could about the topic.

Magazines:

https://www.quantamagazine.org/20150910-einstein-insanity/

The Us army Research Office and the National Security Agency are together Looking in a technology called "Ghost Imaging"

Birefringence : Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. . Birefringent crystals (e.g. Calcite) are easy enough to find.

Laser holograms : Not only is interference required to produce a holographic film it is also required to regenerate the hologram.

Harlequin paint, carnival glass, the rainbow on a DVD data surface. All get their rainbow colour from interference effects.

-

so I sugggest it to apply for sending uncrackable messages (where information is carried by individual photons -single particles of light.)

it is currently working but it is expensive.

so it can be used in SENDING UNCRACKABLE MESSAGES.

Quantum cryptography is the use of quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which provides a solution to the breaking of various popular public key encryption and signature schemes (e.g., RSA and ElGamal). The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical (i.e. non-quantum) communication (see below for examples). For example, It is impossible to find data encoded in a quantum state and the very act of reading data encoded in a quantum statechanges the state. This is used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution.

1: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20051746?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents

2:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-ox3lUvg-0

3:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6wOG1wWUJk

4: http://qoqms.phys.strath.ac.uk/figures/latticeqc.jpg

5: http://qoqms.phys.strath.ac.uk/figures/quantum_computer.png

6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqN_2jDVbOU

7:

1)Sending untraceable messages.

2)Development of neural networks in robotics.

3)Useful in developing quantum computers which can be used in solving complex algorithms and high intensive processes.

4)Quantum cryptography

Overall I think quantum Mechanics will revolutionize our way we think about science and technology.

Question 2:What is the densest thing on earth? Question 3:Which is the weakest power of the fundamental powers?

Question 4:How does the energy form in which a stars emits?

ANSWERS:<<<<<manikanta

A2.The neutron.

A3.The gravity.

A4. Throught= fusion

FROM MANIKANTA TO GAJRAJ:

Q1What are the Quantum Numbers?

Gajraj Rathore-ANSWERS:

A2)It is not exactly "connected," but a basic principle of quantum mechanics is that its laws must merge with those of classical mechanics if the particle being observed over a certain distance has a momentum significantly larger than the Planck's Constant divided by that distance.

Q2) What do the Planck's quantum theory of fussy light tells about?

Q3) What does this Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence and Focal sets argue?

A2)As it is mentioned in the video link I have posted Planck's quantum theory of fussy light tells us that light bulb filaments should be heated to a temperature of about 3200 kelvin to ensure that most of the energy is emitted as visible waves.

A3) Evidence theory argues that numerical degrees of belief are not a measure of chance and do not obey all rules obeyed by the chance measurers.

FROM VYSHNAVI TO SHOBHIT

Q2) What are the characteristics of a single photon?

Q3) How are the quantum computations formulated? ANSWER FROM SHOBHIT

Ans2. Single photon are largely free of the noise,or dechoherence , that plagues other system; can be easily manipulated to realize one qubit logic gates; enables encoding in any several degrees of freedom for examples polarization, timebin or path.

Ans3. Quantum computation are typically formulated using the quantum circuit model, a generalization of the circuit model for boolen logic