Pharm 2020 Summer by Elizabeth Slyman https://padlet.com/elizabethslyman/w1loof4x096k7of8 Discussion Board 2 en-us 2020-06-23 02:35:54 UTC 2020-06-23 13:22:24 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f68e.png elizabethslyman https://padlet.com/elizabethslyman/w1loof4x096k7of8/wish/637445247  The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (also known as the visceral motor system are the sympathetic division (also known as fight, flight or fright) and the parasympathetic division.(also known as the craniosacral system or rest and digest)  ]]> 2020-06-23 13:14:37 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethslyman/w1loof4x096k7of8/wish/637445247 elizabethslyman https://padlet.com/elizabethslyman/w1loof4x096k7of8/wish/637445784  

The neurotransmitters for each division are: parasympathetic -NT -primarily ACH 
Sympathetic - NT - primarily NE

 
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Locations where each NT is released in each division of the ANS:
  • Parasympathetic - ACH is released at the synapse in the ganglion.
  • Sympathetic - Norepinephrine is released at ganglia near the spinal cord, as well as directly from the adrenal gland in the brain. 

 
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The receptors of each division with main locations of each receptor:
  • Parasympathetic - Alpha 1 Receptors - smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
  • Sympathetic - the adrenergic receptors are Alpha-1 (smooth muscle, cardiac musical, glands)  Beta-1 (heart) and Beta-2 (skeletal and cardiac muscle)

 
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The end-organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated and the response is generated:

Parasympathetic:
  • Skin - decreased sweating
  • Lungs - Lungs relax
  • Urinary bladder - stimulated
  • Eyes - pupils constrict
  • GI tract - digestion is resumed
  • Heart - heart rate decreases and refractory period is increased.

Sympathetic
  • Skin - sweating intensified
  • Eyes - Pupils dilate
  • Glands - Adrenal glands secrete and fight-flight or fright is intensified, the pancreas is inhibited
  • GI tract - digestion is slowed or stopped
  • Heart - heart rate speeds up
  • Urinary bladder - relaxes
 
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The drug classifications for each division and each  receptors/actions:
  • Parasympathetic - Drugs for the PNS are anticholinergic, which act as antagonists at muscarinic receptors, inhibiting parasympathetic response. 
  • Sympathetic - Drugs that interact with Alpha1, Beta1 , or Beta 1 interact with the sympathetic nervous system to either enhance or inhibit the actions of the SNS. These are known as sympathomimetic (enhances) sympatholytic (inhibits) drugs.

 
]]> 2020-06-23 13:17:37 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethslyman/w1loof4x096k7of8/wish/637449215 elizabethslyman https://padlet.com/elizabethslyman/w1loof4x096k7of8/wish/637452120 Drugs for Each Classification Parasympathetic
  • Direct Acting Cholorgenic Agonist drugs- acetylcholine, pilocarpine (Pilocar®) bethanechol (Urecholine®), 
  • Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents- neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
  • Anticholingergenic-  atropine, dicyclomine(Bently®)
  • Skeletal Muscle Relaxants- succinylcholine, rocuronium Bromide (Zemuron®), dantrolene(Dantrium®) cyclobenzaprine(Flexeril®), carisoprodol(Soma®), methocarbamol (Robaxin®), orphenadrine citrate (Noflex®) chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte DSC®) metaxalone (Skelanix®)

Sympathetic  
  • Alpha-1 Adrenic Agonists - ephedrine, phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
  • Adrenergic Agonists - epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
  • Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blocker - prazosin (Minipress®), terazosin(Hytrin®) doxazosin (Cardura®)
  • Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonist (formoterol-Foradil®) albuterol (Proventil®//Ventolin®), terbutaline(Brethine®),
  • Beta-Blocker-  Non-selective -nadolol (Corgard®) propranolol (Inderol®), timolol (Blocadren®)
  •  Selective-atenolol (Tenormin®), metoprolol (Blocadren®)

 
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Sources:
  1. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nervous-system/Parasympathetic-nervous-system#ref605970
  2. https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/sympathetic_nervous_system.htm#:~:text=The%20sympathetic%20nervous%20system%20activates,the%20fight%20or%20flight%20response.&text=Spinal%20cord%20sympathetic%20neurons%20are,postsynaptic%20(or%20postganglionic)%20neurons.
  3. https://www.vitalscan.com/dtr_ans_overview.htm#:~:text=Each%20division%20uses%20different%20neurotransmitters,acetylcholine%20to%20perform%20its%20duties.
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959222/
  5. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/autonomic-nervous-system/
  6. http://www.columbia.edu/~kj3/Chapter1.htm
  7. https://www.ems1.com/ems-products/education/articles/receptors-and-the-autonomic-nervous-system-StR9droX60aHgrfO/#:~:text=The%20types%20of%20sympathetic%20or,or%20norepinephrine%2C%20the%20arteries%20constrict.

 
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