Housing, basic amenities and the environment is a large problem. When refugees/migrants first come to Australia to settle, they are not able to find a house even if there are housing support programs. Some of them become homeless and live on the streets. Some of them are held in Australian immigration detention facilities for years. Living on the streets or in the detention facilities is harmful to both physical and mental health of migrants/refugees.

Education is also a very important part of social determinants of heath for migrants/refugees. Some migrants/refugees come from countries that don’t speak English. Language become a huge barrier when they come to Australia. Influent English makes migrants/refugees hard to receive good education as local English speakers in Australia. Besides, language barrier is also a huge problem when they access health services, they may not communicate with the health workers efficiently or effectively.

Another social determinant of health is access to affordable health services of decent quality. Most people have a reliable health insurance or Medicare, making them easy to access to affordable and decent health service. But for migrants/refugees, it is hard to afford health services. Needless to say, for those living in migrant facilities, inadequate health care problem is still ongoing (Public Interest Advocacy Centre, 2018).

In Dharavi, the average life expectancy is less than 65 years, more than 10 years shorter than the average life expectancy of people in other parts of India. There, children play in open sewers and faeces and domestic sewage are discharged directly into the river (West, 2016).

Migrants/refugees arriving from India are likely to be present with Hepatitis B, malaria and infection of Helicobacter Pylori. According to Australian refugee health practice guide, these are top common health concerns to migrants/refugees of all ages (2023).

Hepatitis B

Experts recommend that we offer testing for hepatitis B virus infection to all the people from refugee-like background. Those who are tested positive should be counselled how to protect others from infection. And those who are non-immune should be vaccinated (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2023).

Intestinal parasite 

People with intestinal parasite should be given empiric single-dose albendazole therapy to be effective against many of the common parasite (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2023). 

Anaemia

people should so a full blood examination to determine the causes of anaemia. if it is caused by iron deficiency or Vitamin B12 deficiency. Simply treat with supplement of iron and Vitamin B12 will help (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2023).