PBL 2 GROUP 1 by Husaini Ahmad Borham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0 en-us 2019-11-05 14:20:46 UTC 2026-03-10 21:13:26 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f618.png what we know https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406864863 1) Brucella abortus is intracellular bacteria while Pasteurella multocida is extracellular bacteria.
2) Brucella abortus causes abortion in cattle while Pasteurella multocida causes haemorrhagic septicemia.
3) Both are gram negative bacteria.
4) Brucella abortus activates CMI more than Humoral, while Pasteurella multocida activates the Humoral immunity more than CMI
5) Brucella abortus vaccines are live attenuated vaccines
6) Pasteurella multocida vaccines are killed vaccines]]> 2019-11-05 14:36:27 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406864863 want to know https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406864982 1) immune response induced by vaccination for both type of bacteria.
2) limitation of the available vaccine]]> 2019-11-05 14:36:37 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406864982 what we learned https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865115 1) The immune response that been stimulated by Brucella abortus vaccination, is more towards Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) since it's intracellular bacteria. For humoral immunity, IgG plays important role in this case.
2) The limitation for vaccine against Pasteurella multocida depends on the type of vaccine. There are 3 types of vaccine used which are broth bacterin vaccine. alum precipitated vaccine and oil adjuvant vaccine. For broth bacterin, it has shorter protection period which is around 6 weeks. However, the short protection period make it commonly use in outbreak cases. Broth bacterin vaccination unable to give protection to heterologous serotype. Alum precipitated vaccine gives a protection period for 4-6 months, and 2 injections per year is suggested. Besides, alum precipitated vaccine need to be stored at 4 degree Celsius in order to maintain the potency. The potency will drop 100% if keep in 30 degree Celsius for 20 days. Oil-adjuvant vaccine provide a longer period of protection, which is 9-12 months. High viscosity causes the vaccine is hard to aspirate and inject into the animal. Researchers have tried to do double emulsion in order to reduce the viscosity, but the stimulated immune response drops when challenge was carried out on the animals,.
3) vaccines against brucella abortus that are currently used are live attenuated vaccines namely S19 strain and RB51 strain. Both vaccine strains can infect humans therefore precaution steps need to be taken beforehand. S19 strain have will stay in the body longer compared to RB51 strain therefore calfhood vaccination is suggested. Boosters are given after 6-10 months for animals vaccinated against RB51 strain. Since RB51 strain is resistant against antibacterial drug such as rifampicin, human infections can be hard to be treated. ]]> 2019-11-05 14:36:48 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865115 what we know https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865287 1) Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) caused by a virus (Picornaviridae).
2) FMD Virus is a single stranded RNA and non-envelope virus.
3) FMD infects hoofs animal.]]> 2019-11-05 14:37:01 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865287 want to know https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865347 1) Diagnostic assays that can be used to diagnose the disease.
2) Type of immunity is the most important in the clearance of the infectious agent.
3) How to achieve Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated (DIVA) strategy in FMDV vaccination. 
 4) Importance of DIVA.
]]> 2019-11-05 14:37:05 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865347 what we learned https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865420 1) ELISA and PCR diagnostic technique can be use to diagnose FMD. ELISA take a moderate time while PCR take the shortest time to diagnose. PCR is more expensive compared to ELISA. Both technique have high sensitivity and specificity. The Gold Standard for FMDV is ELISA.
2) Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) response is more important for virus clearance as virus infection occurs intracellularly.
3) DIVA means differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. These vaccines, also termed as marker vaccines, induce an immune response which is different from that induced by natural infection. This can be achieved by Non Structural Protein (NSP) Immunoassay whereby, the vaccinated animals only have the antibodies against Structural Protein (SP) but do not have the antibodies against NSP. As for those animals infected to the wild type of virus (natural), they  will have antibodies for both structural protein (SP) and non-structural protein (NSP).
4) DIVA is important to reduce economic losses and number of animal culled. It is also to reduce the spread of infectious disease. Plus, the success of FMD eradication as well as the efficacy & safety of the vaccine can be monitor through DIVA in order to create a FMD Free Zone.]]> 2019-11-05 14:37:11 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865420 what we know https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865649 1) haemonchus contortus or better known as barber’s pole worm is one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants 
2) haemonchus contortus belongs in the order strongylides 
3) adults reside in the abomasum
4) Route of infection is by ingestion of grasses or herbage infected
with L3 
5)  Adult remove blood from the host by sucking & seepage from
biting sites, causing anaemia & hypoalbuminaemia

]]> 2019-11-05 14:37:29 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865649 want to know https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865714 1) challenges in effective control of haemonchus contortus 
2) types of Haemonchus contortus antigens that can be used as
adjuvanted vaccines.
3) developing vaccines based on haemonchus contortus antigens  
4) immune response triggered by haemonchus contortus

]]> 2019-11-05 14:37:33 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865714 what we learned https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/w131vr4ynhd0/wish/406865766 1) challenges in controlling haemonchus contortus includes its high production of eggs, resistance to drugs,  its ability to survive adverse climatic condition and larval population that develops fast
2) antigens that can be found on haemonchus contortus includes contortin, H11, and H-gal- GP. Some of these antigens are found in the gut of the worm or its surface.
3) vaccination against haemonchus contortus is aimed to stop the larval development ,to block attachment of adult worms and to cause the worm to die of hunger. 
4) humoral immunity is generated towards haemonchus contortus by the activation of mast cell and eosinophil, followed by the degranulation action. 

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