Wonderful World of Aves by Megan McTamney https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5 Realizzato con carisma en-us 2017-05-25 13:21:39 UTC 2017-06-05 13:26:25 UTC hello@padlet.com What are Ave´s? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174401478 Ave's are just BIRDS!
Such as...
  • Egyptian plover
  • Little tobayo
  • Tawny frogmouth
  • Nightjar hawk
  • White spotted flufftail
  • White stork
  • Common swift apus apus
  • Barn owl
  • Northern hawk owl
  • Red tail hawk
]]> 2017-05-30 13:00:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174401478 What do they all have in common? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174403531 simple!
The Ave's family has many unique characteristics
 For example there internal and external characteristics include:
  • feathers
  •  winged
  • there bipedal
  • warm-blooded
  • originating from reptiles
  • there bones are extensively fused!
  •  no teeth or heavy jaws
  • hollow thin bones 
    • but there strong and elastic to!
  • large amount of blood sugar
  •  air sacs 
    • gives a weight reduction and a super charge to there lungs
  • They process their food rapidly
  • AND they have LARGE and POWERFUL four chamber hearts
    • well large and powerful compared to there size...
Cool right!?
well what about there behaviors?
  • They lay eggs
    • These eggs must be sheltered and incubated by the guardians!
  • egg sizes ranger from 10 - .3 inches
  • They eat an energy rich diet
  • They have so many techniques for hunting!! 
    • aerial piracy, aerial pursuit, dipping, skimming, patterning, hydroplaning, surface feeding, scavenging, surface seizing, pursuit plunging, deep plunging, surface plunging, pursuit diving feet and pursuit diving wing
      •  seed eating birds and flower birds use their beaks shapes and sizes to reach and open there food

OK that is cool and all... but were do they live or were can i find them?
OH that is an easy one!
  • Ave's can be anywhere in the world! From the north pole to south pole, with there homes varying from the land to the sky
    • However with this world wide spread came the need for there organisms to adapt to the prey, environment and predators.
]]> 2017-05-30 13:09:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174403531 OK WAIT... what is Taxonomy? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174408428 Well its a type of science!
  • Specifically concerning the classification of organisms
]]> 2017-05-30 13:29:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174408428 Can you show us some Examples of Taxonomy in Ave's? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174409261 Sure why not
Here are three Ave's I have chosen to do some research on

  1.  The Egyptian Plover
Location:
  • these guys are located in tropical sub-saharan africa on the banks of large rivers 
  • most commonly on parts of the Nile
  • They never stray far from these rivers 
    • they get there food here so why go anywhere else?
Appearance:
  • They have tiny/slim body
  •  small sized tail 
  • A short and thin break
    • to pick between the teeth of Nile crocodiles!!!! 
  • Colors
    • wing- clay gray
    • head- tan under beak with black covering the top and white stripe on either side
    •  chest- tan continuing down from under the beak
    •  back- black
    • under belly- burnt tan
    • legs- light shade of blue on nee’s
Behavior:
  • found in pairs or small groups
  • They breed on sandbars in very large rivers
  • lay between 2-3 eggs
    •  sits on top of egg with water soaked belly to control temperature of the eggs
    • chicks are able to run as soon as hatched and learn to hunt fast
    • young chicks drink water from parents soaked belly feathers, if there is danger parent will temporarily bury chicks in sand to hide them
   

    2. The common swift
location:
  • They are found in over 100 different geographical locations
    • these areas all have ancient trees or old woodpecker homes for them to nest in
appearance:
  • blackish brown or black colored feathers
  • short and thin beak
  •  small forked tail
  •  long dark wings 
    • boomerang shaped
  •  Small bodies throughout entire species.
Behavior:
  • They can fly while sleeping!!
  • they collect nest material with airborne objects
    • These objects are caught in flight then stuck together with saliva
  • young can survive without food for a couple days!
    • They are able to do this by  dropping their body temperature and metabolic rate 
      • This is known as the Torpid State
  •  spend lives in the air living off airborne insects
    • They are in the air so much they drink, feed and often mate in the air

   3. The Northern Hawk Owl

Location:
  • found in northern Canada, Scandinavia, and across northern Russia
  •  They breed in Alaska!
  • Generally  stay away from cities and towns
appearance:
  • main colors are rust, white, grey, black, dirt brown, and black
  •  their small heads give them the appearance of a hawk
  •  rust or light brown colored stripes are mixed with white stripes that covers their stomach
  • They have dirt brown wings which can be occasionally black
    • these wings have a striped pattern colored either darker brown or most commonly, white 
      • white stripes cover underside of the wings
  •  there head is grey with tiny white dots along the edges and a black stripe on the edge of either side of the face
    • They have a whiteish  grey face mask
  •  tiny beak
  •  large hawk like tail
behavior:
  • They Breed in Alaska
  • their main food sources are voles and other mammals of similar size or smaller
  • They like to perch on the tops of trees 
  • and they hunt in the day or night
]]> 2017-05-30 13:32:54 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174409261 Did you notice something? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174496178 I sure did...
Taxonomy is very useful in identifying the relations of different species!

How about that Northern Hawk Owl?
A PERFECT example 
There similarities with hawks is almost unnoticeable after hatching  however the older they become the the more and more they appear like them! 
So if you were to put a taxonomy chart of a Northern Hawk Owl next to a Red Tail Hawk...
You would find a lot in common by their physical appearance than other owls would if compared!

This shows just how much taxonomy helps us better understand the evolution of Ave's!

The Northern Hawk Owl had EVOLVED to better live in their environment.

]]> 2017-05-30 19:49:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174496178 Unifying Characteristics mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174499132  characteristics of organisms internal characteristics found in the Ave's kingdom
- This is a continuation from the Introduction under "what do they have in common?"

This section will tell you what characteristics all Ave's have in common internally! 
  • They have multiple cells with mitochondria and they depend on other organisms for food 
  • Habitat - some inhabit water, however the majority are found on land
  • Size - The sizes of Ave's ranges from 1 inch to 8 1/2 feet tall
  • Bodies are made of cells organized into tissues which perform specific functions
    •  tissue are organized into complex organs, which then form organ systems!
  • Cell structure - Ave's cells contain organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles and cytoskeleton. 
  • Ave's are made up of many organ systems, that aid in performing specific functions that are necessary for the survival of the organism
    • Organ systems in Ave's include- the skeletal system, muscular system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, reproductive system and the immune system
  • Locomotion - Ave's have the ability to move!
    • they show rapid movement when compared to plants and other organisms in their kingdom
  • Respiration - It is a gaseous exchange of taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide
    •  This process takes place in organs of respiration like the lungs, and air sacs 
  • Digestion - Ave's ingest food and digestion takes place in the internal cavity of the digestive system 
    • Owls have a very unique digestion and spit out pellets
  • Nervous system - Is in control of the Sensory and the coordination of Ave's
    •  In Ave's the nervous system comprises of a brain, spinal cords and nerves. 
  • Circulatory system - The distribution of nutrients, exchange of gases and removal of wastes takes place in the circulatory system
    •  This system comprises of the heart, blood vessels and the blood
    • The Ave's have a Circulatory system that can be 3-4 times faster than other mammals!!
  • Skeletal system - supports the body and, for Ave's with flight; provides light mass for flying
    • The wings are IMMENSLY fused, allowing for flexibility and hollow bones!
  • Reproductive system - Ave's go through sexual reproduction
    • by the fusion of haploid cells like the eggs and the sperms
    • Unlike some mammals Ave's lay eggs!!

From this you can really see the connection birds might have had with other animals through evolution.
There are a lot of similarities listed here between Ave's and other animals in the Animalia Kingdom!
-For more of the external similarities see the INTRODUCTION section and look under WHAT DO THEY ALL HAVE IN COMMON?

]]> 2017-05-30 20:11:44 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174499132 What are some variations between Ave's? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174614217 There are sooooo many!!

There are hundreds of thousands of breeds with all types of variations!!!

Here are three good examples...

Hawks- 
  • The throat is the ventral region extending from just under and below the lower mandible to the anterior margins of the sternum
  • The nape refers to the dorsal surface of the neck extending from the mid back of the skull to the beginning of the thoracic vertebrae
  •  The back is roughly the area between the wings
  • The rump overlies the pelvic bones anterior to the tail and is bounded by the flanks
  •  The breast extends over the breast musculature nearly to the posterior end of the sternum
  •  The forehead extends from the base of the upper mandible to a line drawn across the top of head approximately over the middle of the eyes
  •  The crown extends from just posterior to the forehead to the beginning of the cervical vertebrae of the neck
  • They have oval shaped nostrils

 


Owls- 
  • Owls field of vision is about 110 degrees
    • with about 70 degrees being binocular vision enabled
  • They can turn their heads around and even upside down!!
  • They have three eyelids in order to properly protect their eyes
    •  The upper one is for blinking, and the lower one for sleeping
    • The third eyelid closes from the inside out in order to keep the eyes clean
  •  Their beaks are very sharp and powerful
    •  They use them as a method of defense as well as to help them with prey
    • They aren’t able to chew food so they use their beaks to swallow it
    • With larger prey they will tear it up into smaller pieces that they swallow
    • The stomach is in two parts and that is how they are able to digest food
      • What they can’t digest is then formed into pellets that they have to regurgitate from the body
      • This process doesn’t hurt them for the balls to come back up
        •  The size of the pellets depends on the species of owl as well as how much they have eaten
      • Owls have a thick and round middle area that makes them seem larger 
        • The females are about 25% larger than the males 





vultures- 
  • Are VERY large birds!
    •  it has a wingspan of 160–183 cm (63–72 in)
    • a length of 62–81 cm (24–32 in)
    • and weight of 0.8 to 2.41 kg (1.8 to 5.3 lb)
  • The adult's head is small in proportion to its body and with few to no feathers
  • It also has a relatively short and hooked beak
  • The irises of the eyes are gray-brown
  •  legs and feet are pink-skinned. The eye has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid
  •  The two front toes of the foot are long
    • This makes there tracks very large
      • between 9.5 and 14 cm (3.7 and 5.5 in) in length and 8.2 and 10.2 cm (3.2 and 4.0 in) in width
      • both measurements including claw marks. Toes are arranged in the classic, anisodactyl pattern
      •  The feet are flat, relatively weak, and poorly adapted to grasping
    •  the talons are also not designed for grasping, as they are relatively blunt.
  • In flight, the tail is long and slim. 
  • The nostrils are not divided by a septum, but rather are perforate; from the side one can see through the beak.
  • It undergoes a molt in late winter to early spring
    • It is a gradual molt, which lasts until early autumn.

There all unique right?
well there were SOME things in common
and that is what helps us understand the evolution prepossesses they went through!
]]> 2017-05-31 13:17:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174614217 What about Microevolution? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174618244 Yes there are many different mircoevolutions in almost every breed of ave's!!

Here's a good example:
House Sparrow (North America)-
  • populations in the north are larger bodied than sparrow populations in the south
  • This divergence in populations is a result of natural selection
    • larger-bodied birds can often survive lower temperatures than smaller-bodied birds can
      •  Colder weather in the north probably selects for larger-bodied birds
 As this map shows, sparrows in colder places are now generally larger than sparrows in warmer locales.


]]> 2017-05-31 13:33:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174618244 Can we see a fossil record to show some evolution? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174672635 Sure! no problem
here is one I made...

Name of fossil: Gansus Zheni
  • 120-131 million years ago, cretaceous 
 Name of fossil: confuciusornis
  • 120-131 million years ago, Cretaceous
  • Name of fossil: Ichthyornis
  • 83.5-93 million years ago, Cretaceous
  • Name of fossil: Hesperornis
  • 65-89 million years ago, cretaceous
  • Name of fossil:
  • cretaceous
]]> 2017-05-31 17:32:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174672635 How does this show evolution? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174673535 How can it not!

  • all of the fossils come from the cretaceous period...
  • so WHY do they show DIVERSITY!?
    • Some signs are more obvious than others
      • For example the Hesperornis is the only one, out of the five, that lived IN the water!
      • Then the Confuciusornis is the smallest of the group... YET it showed close relations to the Gansus Zheni!
        • which averages to about 4 times its size.


]]> 2017-05-31 17:36:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174673535 Can we see some homologous structures? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174805875
  • In the animal kingdom all share a similar structure
    •  this structure is a humorous attached to a radius and ulna, carpals attached to those, metacarpals attached and Phalanges at the ends
    • This structure was originally used to move around in water!
    • However different species evolved
    • these structures are now used to help them walk on land instead of swimming
    • or for flying in the air
      • For example Ave's have wings, and flippers
        • The wings on a bird have thin and hollowed bones
          • However the structure is very similar to humans
        • Flippers are similar as well however some bones, like the humorous are shrunken down and much smaller.


    ]]>     2017-06-01 13:11:47 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174805875     What is a homologous structure? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174807636 it's when very different animals have bones that appear very similar in form or function and seem to be related]]> 2017-06-01 13:21:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174807636 mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174808249 http://examples.yourdictionary.com/homologous-structure-examples.html

    http://www.audubon.org/news/photo-day-northern-hawk-owl

    https://www.google.com/search?q=northern+hawk+owl&rlz=1CALEAC_enUS747&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju-tXi4JzUAhUGeSYKHUVPAY4Q_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=630&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=_xDFOd5Ng6RmwM:

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10070/


    ]]>     2017-06-01 13:24:16 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174808249     Natural selection mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174808566 Egyptian Plover- 
    • There natural selection mainly occurs during the egg development stage
    • The eggs are laid in sand and if the mother is unable to cool them off with water during the hot mid day properly...
    • they will literally BOIL
    •  they have fewer worries once grown up due to their closeness to the crocodiles of the rivers.
     Common Swift 
    • The swift in the earliest phases of life is when it is in the most danger
    •  These birds have evolved to, once old enough to leave the nest, fly for month strait!!!
    •  At first the birds will begin with a day of flight, then move on to days, weeks, a month and so on the older they get
    • cool right?
    Northern Hawk Owl
    • The Hawk Owls use there appearance of large predatory hawks to scare away competition and predators
    • those who carry the most hawk like appearance avoid natural selection the most!
    •  during the beginning phases of growth they have the normal appearance of a breed of owl
    •  However they begin to form the sharp beak and formidable size along with other characteristics as they grow.  
     
    ]]>     2017-06-01 13:25:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174808566     Adaptive radiation mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174855624 is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into new forms

     here is an example is Ave's
    it is kind of confusing so just follow along....
    •  Modern birds are classified in things called Neornithes 
      • which are evolved into some basic lineages
    •  The Neornithes are split in two groups
    • the paleognaths and neognathae
    •  The paleognaths include tinamous and the ratites
      •  which nowadays are found on the Southern Hemisphere
    • Ratites are large flightless birds, and include ostriches, rheas, cassowaries, kiwis and emus

    OK so that took me half an hour to understand completely xD

    but anyways that is a simplified version of what I read on the adaptive radiation of flightless birds from Neornithes


    ]]>     2017-06-01 17:12:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174855624     Do birds immigrate? mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174858851 ya they do!
    • A form of immigration that affects the Ave's taxonomy group is Migration 
    • keep in mind NOT ALL AVE'S MIGRATE!!!!
    •  however most Ave's migrate from northern and southern regions in order to 
      • follow comfortable weather patterns 
      • in order to mate
      • and, In rarer cases, some migrate to follow their food.


    ]]>     2017-06-01 17:30:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174858851     What does this have to do with genetic drift mm150 https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174859823 EVERY THING!!!!!
    well not really... but a LOT!

    The migration possess makes millions of birds travel across the world in close flanks

    And along with this comes the options for both random and nonrandom mating]]>     2017-06-01 17:35:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mm150/vyrqnmrw6yy5/wish/174859823