• Speaker first lived in Sydney, Australia, but has moved to New South Wales since then.
• She mentioned that her accent is not as prominent as other Australians, which upon further research, we found that she has a general Australian accent.

• Speaker describes her speech pronunciation as "estuary-flavoured RP" (or received pronunciation, which is traditionally regarded as the standard British English) as she tends to assimilate various speech elements from different accents into her own.
• She lived in Scotland for 4 years, which has led her to enunciate the [r] sound in certain words, also known as rhotic r; however, the dialects of modern England are non-rhotic.

1. Well, here's a story for you: Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory, so she was very happy to start a new job at a superb private practice in North Square near the Duke Street Tower.
2. Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.
3. The letter implied that the animal could be suffering from a rare form of foot and mouth disease, which was surprising, because normally you would only expect to see it in a dog or a goat.
4. Before long, that itchy goose began to strut around the office like a lunatic, which made an unsanitary mess.
5. Sarah warned that this course of treatment might be expensive—either five or six times the cost of penicillin.

• British Sign Language
• Welsh

• the Germanic languages (from which Dutch and German also developed)
• French (business and political-related words were adopted into English)
• Latin & Greek (due to technological advances, new words are constantly required

• Diphthong & Monophthong Variation

• Elision of /t/ sound (glottalistion)

1. Well, here's a story for you: Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory, so she was very happy to start a new job at a superb private practice in North Square near the Duke Street Tower.
2. Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.
3. The letter implied that the animal could be suffering from a rare form of foot and mouth disease, which was surprising, because normally you would only expect to see it in a dog or a goat.
4. Before long, that itchy goose began to strut around the office like a lunatic, which made an unsanitary mess.
5. Sarah warned that this course of treatment might be expensive—either five or six times the cost of penicillin.

They are not physical sounds or directly observable, but instead they are mental representations of the phonological units of a language, the units used to represent words in our mental lexicon (Fromkin et al, 2017).

1. wɛl, hɪəz ə stɔːri fɔː juː: seərʌ pɛri wɒz ə vɛtərɪnəri nɜːs huː hæd biːn wɜːkɪŋ deɪli æt ən əʊld zuː ɪn ə dɪzɜːtɪd dɪstrɪkt ɒv ðə tɛrɪtəri, səʊ ʃiː wɒz vɛri hæpi tuː stɑːt ə njuː ʤɒb æt ə su:pəːb praɪvət præktɪs ɪn nɔːθ skweə nɪə ðə djuːk striːt taʊə.
2. ðɛn ʃiː pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn jɛləʊ drɛs ænd ə fliːs ʤækət, pɪkt ʌp hɜː kɪt ænd hɛdəd fɔː wɜːk.
3. ðə lɛtər ɪmplaɪd [ðæt] ði ænɪməl kʊd biː sʌfərɪŋ frɒm ə reə fɔːm ɒv fʊt ænd maʊθ dɪziːz, wɪʧ wɒz səpraɪzɪŋ, bɪkɒz nɔːməli juː wʊd əʊnli ækspɛkt tuː siː ɪt ɪn ə dɒg ɔːr ə gəʊt.
4. bɪfɔː lɒŋ, ðæt ɪʧi guːs bɪgæn tuː strʌt əraʊnd ði ɒfɪs laɪk ə luːnətɪk, wɪʧ meɪd ən ʌnsænɪtəri mɛs.
5. seərʌ wɔːnd ðæt ðɪs kɔːs ɒv triːtmənt maɪt biː ɪkspɛnsɪv-i:ðə faɪv ɔː sɪks taɪmz ðə kɒst ɒv pɛnɪsɪlɪn.

1. wɛl, hɪəz ə stɔːri fɔː jɪuː seərʌ pɛri wɒz ə vɛtərɪnəri nɜːs huː hæd biːn wɜːkɪŋ deɪli æt æn əʊld zuː ɪn ə dɪzɜːtɪd dɪstrɪkt ɒv ðə ˈtɛrɪtəri, səʊ ʃiː wɒz vɛri hæpi tuː stɑːt ə njuː ʤɒb æt ə su:pə:b praɪvət præktɪs ɪn nɔːθ skwe: nɪə ðə djuːk striːt taʊə.
2. ðɛn ʃiː pʊʔ ɒn ə pleɪn jɛləʊ dres ænd ə fli:s ʤækət, pɪkt ʌp hɜː kɪt ænd hɛdəd fɔː wɜːk.
3. ðə lɛtər ɪmplaɪd ðæt ðə ænɪməl kʊd biː sʌfərɪŋ frɒm ə reə fɔːm ɒf fʊʔ ænd mæɔθ dəziːz, wɪʧ wɒz səpraɪzɪŋ, bɪkɒz nɔːməli juː wʊd əʊnli ækspɛkt tuː siː ɪt ɪn ə dɒg ɔːr ə gəʉt.
4. bɪfɔː lɒŋ, ðæt ɪʧi guːs bɪgæn tuː strʌt əraʊnd ðə ɒfɪs laɪk ə luːnətɪk, wɪʧ meɪd æn ʌnsænɪtəri mɛs.
5. seərʌ wɔːnd ðæt ðɪs kɔːs ɒf triːtmənt maɪt biː ɪkspɛnsɪv- ʌɪðə faɪv ɔː sɪks taɪmz ðə kɒst pɛnɪsɪlɪn.

• Broad (strong, nasal voice)
• General (spoken by most Australians, not as nasal as the broad accent, but not as discreet as the cultivated accent)
• Cultivated (the result of profound changes from relatives, the society, or experience)

1. Long (long monophthongs & diphthongs): The long vowels correspond to RP's tense vowels as well as its centralising diphthongs. 
2. Short (monophthongs): The short vowels mostly correspond to those used in RP. 

• Prosody is a name given to specific features of human speech that vary in terms of pitch, intonation, rhythm, and stress. These improve comprehension by conveying information such as lexical tone, accent, and emotion.
• Based on their timing or rhythmic features, language can be roughly classified as stress-timed or syllable-timed. 
• Languages can also be classed as stress-accented and pitch-accented. Additionally, languages are classified as tonal or nontonal as well based on their tonal characteristics.
• Numerous other languages do not completely comply with the rules of a category, implying that these classifications are fairly amorphous. 
• Different languages have their own intonation (pitch), rhythm (duration or melody), and stress (intensity or emphases).

• Culture
• Gender and Age
• Slangs
• Borrowed Words

1. Well, here's a story for you: Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory, so she was very happy to start a new job at a superb private practice in North Square near the Duke Street Tower.
2. Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.
3. The letter implied that the animal could be suffering from a rare form of foot and mouth disease, which was surprising, because normally you would only expect to see it in a dog or a goat.
4. Before long, that itchy goose began to strut around the office like a lunatic, which made an unsanitary mess.

here, nurse, working, deserted, start, superb, North Square, near, Tower.

her, for, work.

rare, form, surprising, normally.

Before.

warned, course, either, or.

The letter implied that the animal could be suffering from a rare form of foot and mouth disease, which was surprising, because normally you would only expect to see it in a dog or a goat.

Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.

The letter implied that the animal could be suffering from a rare form of foot and mouth disease, which was surprising, because normally you would only expect to see it in a dog or a goat.

Sarah warned that this course of treatment might be expensive—either five or six times the cost of penicillin.

Well, here's a story for you...working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory, so she was very happy...

...foot and mouth disease, which was surprising, because normally you would only expect...

Before long, that itchy goose...around the office like a lunatic, which...

...either five or six times the cost of penicillin.

Well, here's a story for you...so she was very happy...

...picked up her kit and...

...which was surprising, because normally you would only expect...

Sarah warned that ...

Goose

• In British English, the phonemic spelling is /gu:s/.
• In Australian English, the phonemic spelling is /gu:s/.

Square

• In British English, the phonemic spelling is /skweə/.
• In Australian English, the phonemic spelling is /skwe:/.

Mouth

• In British English, the phonemic spelling is /maʊθ/.
• In Australian English, the phonemic spelling is /mæɔθ/.

Goat 

• In British English, the phonemic spelling is /gəʊt/.
• In Australian English, the phonemic spelling is /gəʉt/.

Either

• In British English, the phonemic spelling is /i:ðə/.
• In Australian English, the phonemic spelling is /ʌɪðə/.

Thus, the phonemic representation of Australian English speech is:

1. put - /pʊʔ/
2. foot - /fʊʔ/

According to the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, t-glottalization is now most common in London, Leeds, Edinburgh, and Glasgow.

/bɒʔəl/, /wɔːʔə/, and /bʌʔǝ/

Australian English, like British and American English, shares terms and phrases but also has its own unique vocabulary. Nonetheless, the Australian English lexicon differs significantly from British English, and Australians occasionally substitute American English words.

Most words have a single spelling, which can lead people to assume that there is always a ‘correct spelling’, when oftentimes, spellings are not uniform and inconsistent around the world. Australian, British and American English share words that have the same meaning, but they can be spelt differently.

surprising

• -our in colour and humour 
• -ise in realise and apologise
• -tre in theatre and centre
• -l in enrol and fulfil

• -or instead of -our
• -ize instead of -ise
• -ter instead of -tre
• -ll instead of -l

Kit

Lunatic