Artifacts and clues discovered at Mohenjo-Daro have allowed archaeologists to reconstruct this civilization. The similarities in plan and construction between Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa indicate that they were part of a unified government with extreme organization. Both cities were constructed of the same type and shape of bricks. The two cities may have existed simultaneously and their sizes suggest that they served as capitals of their provinces. In contrast to other civilizations, burials found from these cities are not magnificent; they are more simplistic and contain few material goods. This evidence suggests that this civilization did not have social classes. Remains of palaces or temples in the cities have not been found. No hard evidence exists indicating military activity; it is likely that the Harappans were a peaceful civilization. The cities did contain fortifications and the people used copper and bronze knives, spears, and arrowheads.

                                                    Agriculture

The Harappan cultivated wheat and barley, peas and dates, sesame and mustard. In Lothal he cultivated rice from 1800 BC. Evidence from a field furrowed in Kalibangan indicates that the Harappas used some type of wooden plow. Irrigation depended on the irregular flooding of the Punjab and Sind rivers.

The state of Punjab is known as the land of five rivers, due to the five major rivers flowing through this region. These rivers are the most important geographical feature of this area and have given the name Punjab to this land. The names of five rivers of Punjab are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. All these rivers are tributaries of Indus river and converge together to form Panjnad river which ultimately flows into Indus river. The mighty Indus then terminates into Arabian Sea near Karachi city in Pakistan. All these rivers together with Indus river are considered part of Indus Valley River System. 

This region is referred as Pancha-nada in Puranas and Mahabharata, which also means land of five rivers. The Greeks referred to this region as Pentapotamia, which means an inland delta of five converging rivers. It means that that these rivers are draining this land since ancient times. 

  The various clay figures indicated that the Harappans worshipped the mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility. Certain trees seem to have been considered as sacred. Some people buried their dead in graves. The Harappans probably believed life after death, as their graves often contained household pottery, ornaments and mirrors belonging to the dead persons.

At its peak, the Indus Valley Civilization may had a population of over five million people. It is considered a Bronze Age society, and inhabitants of the ancient Indus River Valley developed new techniques in metallurgy—the science of working with copper, bronze, lead, and tin. They also performed intricate handicraft, especially using products made of the semi-precious gemstone Carnelian, as well as seal carving— the cutting

of patterns into the bottom face of a seal used for stamping. The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large, non-residential buildings.

For thousands of years the Himalayas have held a profound significance for the peoples of South Asia, as their literature, mythologies, and religions reflect. Since ancient times the vast glaciated heights have attracted the attention of the pilgrim mountaineers of India, who coined the Sanskrit name Himalaya—from hima (“snow”) and alaya (“abode”)—for that great mountain system. In contemporary times the Himalayas have offered the greatest attraction and the greatest challenge to mountaineers throughout the world.