Quantum Cryptography by Muhammad Amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto en-us 2020-06-03 06:34:45 UTC 2026-02-04 02:30:18 UTC hello@padlet.com http://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MjUwMjU0Ng.jpeg 1. Entanglement State muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650155205 - "Entanglement" is used to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate. 
- It is formed from the direct interactions between subatomic particles and these can take numerous forms.
- The state is inseparable when it is in entanglement state.]]> 2020-07-08 14:40:39 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650155205 2. One-Time Pad and Key distribution problem muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650155308 - Unbreakable but has a serious key distribution problem.
- QC solves this by generate key using non orthogonal quantum states.
- Impossible for anyone to copy the state during distribution, thus makes it impossible to learn anything about the key.]]> 2020-07-08 14:40:46 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650155308 3. Quantum no-cloning theorem muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650156009 - Stated by Wootters, Zurek, and Dieks in 1982
- Theorem: An arbitrary quantum state cannot be duplicated perfectly. 
- Proof: Suppose the state of a quantum system A, which we wish to copy, is |ψ⟩A. In order to make a copy, we take a system B with the same state space and initial state 
|e⟩B. The initial, or blank, state must be independent of |ψ⟩A, of which we have no prior knowledge. The composite system is then described by the tensor product, and its state is |ψ⟩A|e⟩B. 
-  Direct result of the linearity of quantum physics and closely related to another theorem in quantum mechanics.
-  By using this impossibility smartly, unconditionally secure key distribution could be achieved. 
-  Specially, we can get the following characteristics about quantum no-cloning theorem: 
    i.  prevents us from using
       classical error correction
       techniques on quantum
       states. 
    ii.  quantum states cannot be
        measured reliably.
    iii.  does not prevent
        superluminal communication
        via quantum entanglement.
    iv.  The no-cloning theorem
         prevents us from viewing the
         holographic principle for
black holes 
]]> 2020-07-08 14:41:16 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650156009 4. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650156588 -  Basis for the initial realization of fundamental uncertainties in the ability of an experimenter to measure more than one quantum variable at a time. 
-  Attempting to measure an elementary particle’s position to the highest degree of accuracy.]]> 2020-07-08 14:41:29 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650156588 How QKD works muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650158229 - QKD is used to distribute encryption keys, whose security is based on quantum physics and is thus guaranteed for the long-term.
- It allows for secure key agreement over an untrusted channel where the output key is entirely independent from any input value.
- QKD does not eliminating other cyrptographic properties such authentication but it can be used to build systems with new security properties.
- Quantum Key Distribution Protocol: Bennett and Brassard Protocol (BB84)
- To apply QKD practice, sender and receiver need to find the upper bound of Eve’s information quantitatively, given the observed quantum bit error rate (abbreviated QBER) and other system parameters.
- QKD based on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) : If one of the particles is measured according to the rectilinear basis and found to have a vertical polarization, then the other particle will also be found to have a vertical polarization if it is measured according to the rectilinear basis. If however, the second particle is measured according to the circular basis, it may be found to have either left-circular or right-circular polarization. 
- Below is stages of Quantum key distribution: ]]> 2020-07-08 14:43:07 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650158229 muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650160740 https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/287094-quantum-cryptography]]> 2020-07-08 14:45:21 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650160740 muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650160970 https://www.intechopen.com/books/theory-and-practice-of-cryptography-and-network-security-protocols-and-technologies/introduction-to-quantum-cryptography]]> 2020-07-08 14:45:31 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650160970 The Security of QKD muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650166875 It is very secure because when an unauthorized person reads or copies one photon, its state will automatically change. This change can be detected by the two endpoints. Basically it is impossible to read or copy a message encrypted by using quantum without being detected.]]> 2020-07-08 14:50:50 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650166875 Introduction muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650169318 Quantum cryptography is a way to encrypt a message by applying principles of quantum mechanics. The most peculiar characteristics of quantum mechanics are the existence of indivisible quanta and of entangled systems. Both are at the root of Quantum Cryptography which could very well be the first commercial application of quantum physics at the individual quantum level.]]> 2020-07-08 14:53:26 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650169318 How it works muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650171567 Quantum cryptography works by using quantum key distribution. Quantum key distribution is a method of sending encryption keys using some peculiar behaviors of subatomic particles that have possibility to be completely unbreakable. In quantum cryptography, the key is a stream of photons or light particles. Photons have a property called spin which can be changed when it passes through a filter. By using the spin of photons, the sender and receiver can setup the filter to be 1 or 0. ]]> 2020-07-08 14:55:44 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650171567 Hype muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650173281 The reason why quantum cryptography is becoming more popular and the demand of its application in the real world is increasing is because of the breakthrough of a quantum computer. Nowadays, companies and governments are in arms against each other to build the first usable quantum computer. This technology brings a whole new ways and ideas to solve a computing problem with ease. The breaking of an encryption would be just a piece of cake. Instead of solving one problem at a time, quantum computing can solve thousand of problems at the same processing speed. Things that usually takes about a hundred of days could take just hours with the help of a quantum computing. However, the current commercial quantum computer is far from being able to do that but who knows what the future holds. Maybe the existence of a quantum cryptography is already here but is kept secret by a top-secret government agencies.  Anyway, the idea of a quantum cryptography is very much welcomed by the security sector to help resist against the attacker who are trying to break an encryption.]]> 2020-07-08 14:57:19 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650173281 Advantages muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650178353 The main advantages of quantum cryptography are it can detect unauthorized real-time interception of a private communication because the quantum state changes the existing state. It makes the communication more secure because it is based on fundamental laws of physics instead of using algorithms used today. From the perspective of an attacker, trying to hack a quantum cryptography is virtually impossible. What’s more, it is easy to be implemented in any application that require a strong security. The resources required to maintain is not that very huge considering it granted a very secure type of encryption. Also, the performance of a quantum cryptography will keep evolving continuously meaning that it will surely keep getting better in the future.  ]]> 2020-07-08 15:02:03 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650178353 PQShield muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650213580 - Originating from University of Oxford
- Quantum-secure cryptographic solutions: 
    i. System on Chip 
    ii. SDK
    iii. E2E]]> 2020-07-08 15:41:06 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650213580 Crypta Labs muhd_amiruddin https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650221718 - Quantum Security Solutions by Design
- Developed Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs)
- Products and services:
    i. HSM - Cicada
    ii. QRNG
    iii. C-ITS
  iv. QSecure]]> 2020-07-08 15:49:06 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650221718 General explanation on how QKD is working: https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650226776 2020-07-08 15:54:26 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650226776 Overview https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650699592 Quantum cryptography uses a series of photons or light particles to transmit the data from a certain location to another location over a fiber optic cable.
When the receiver gets the message, he compares the measurements of properties of these light particles, the receiver and the sender can determine they nature of the key as well as knowing about its safety.


]]> 2020-07-09 04:20:54 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650699592 Steps https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650705225 1) The sender transmits the light particles through a polarizer that works as a filter. This filter giver randomly one of the four polarizations and bit designations.

2)The light particles reach the receiver. The receiver has to use two beam splitters (Horizontal/vertical or diagonal) to read the polarization of each photon(light particles). The receiver has to guess which beam splitter to use for each photons.

3) Once all the photons reach their destination, the receiver tells the sender about every single beam splitter used for each photon in the sequence the photons were sent. The senders must compare the information to the sequence of polarizers used to sent the key. The photons that have been read using the wrong beam are discarded and the resulting sequence of bits is the key.]]> 2020-07-09 04:31:13 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650705225 Introduction - The Basics of Quantum Mechanics https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650709415 Quantum mechanics or quantum physics describes the way things(particles) behave at the atomic scale.
Contrary to our reality, everything in the atomic scale behaves differently. That is evrything in the quantum realm is described to be as a wave function. The wave function here is not an actual physical property (e.g. like the waves on water) instead it is an abstract mathematical wave formula that simply describes the properties of quantum objects. To actually get the properties of these quantum objects, the probability of the particle has to be calculated from the wave function. The probability then describes the probability of the existence of the object, such that when it is measured the particles described by the wave function will be found at those probable location. Thus differing from our world where everything is deterministic, everything in the Quantum world is probabilistic in nature. ]]> 2020-07-09 04:39:13 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650709415 Examples of experiments proving Quantum Theory https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650709682 1. Schrodinger's Cat
2. Double Slit experiment]]> 2020-07-09 04:39:43 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650709682 Quantum superposition https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650711410 Quantum superposition describes that (to over simplify things) an object can exist in two places at once. Relating to the wave function where we see that there is a probability of something being in existence means that at one point i.e. before measurement the object does not really have a defined state means that it is effectively in a multiple state at once.]]> 2020-07-09 04:42:30 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650711410 Quantum Entanglement https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650711536 Quantum entanglement is another weird thing a quantum object exerts. To put it in a way (over simplifying things), quantum entanglement is where two quantum objects are created or pair of them, they share same properties. Meaning that if one object were to be placed at one point in the universe and we measure the other i.e. collapse it the other object will also be correlated with it, meaning that it is somehow connected to the other object at the other end of the universe. This is relating to the wave function is when we split them; technically these waves are the same, thus if we collapse them (measure) it will be the same as well.]]> 2020-07-09 04:42:42 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650711536 Applications of Quantum Mechanics https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650711748 1. Quantum cryptography
2. Quantum Computing
3. Quantum Biology - Theoretical]]> 2020-07-09 04:43:05 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650711748 Quantum Computers https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732061 Quantum computers are computers that leverages the quantum effects i.e. quantum superposition in order to work. It is said that quantum computers have the upper hand in solving complex mathematical formula, which in the case of modern cryptography (uses complex mathematical formulas) is a bad thing.

How it works : the basics
Normal computers rely on bits to operate. This describes the information or data. And all processing is done in this manner i.e. 0's and 1's. Quantum computers however uses what is called the Qubit. The qubits still have the value of 1's and 0's, the difference is that it can also be in a state where it is both 1 and 0 at the same time. Because of this, quantum computers have the ability to calculate multiple outcomes all at the same time as a result of multiple concurrent states at the same time.

]]> 2020-07-09 05:19:22 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732061 Benefits of quantum computers https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732153 Quantum computers, contrary to popular beliefs is not actually faster than normal computers, it just has the power to do things all at the same time (because of quantum superposition). Because of this they(the quantum computers) can solve very complex mathematical problems such the integer factorization problem.]]> 2020-07-09 05:19:30 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732153 Modern cryptography https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732453 Modern cryptography leverages the complex mathematical formulas in order to properly function. Such as the RSA crypto system which relies on the sheer complicated nature of the factoring two large prime numbers. However as it was discussed earlier, Quantum computers are good at solving complex mathematical problems. ]]> 2020-07-09 05:20:03 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732453 Integer Factorization https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732707 The fact that factoring two prime numbers is a very complex and complicated task is what makes modern cryptography secure. That is, if someone would try to break in, they would have to do an impossible amount of calculations. However because quantum computers can do multiple calculations all at the same time, it is possible that it can actually solve this within a practical amount of time.

The Shor's Algorithm
The shor's algorithm is an algorithm used by quantum computers for integer factorization. The time complexity when run on a quantum computer for this algorithm is exponentially faster than the best classical factoring algorithm. This means that modern cryptographic system such as the RSA that leverages complex mathematical problems is bound to be obsolete in the era of quantum computers.]]> 2020-07-09 05:20:30 UTC https://padlet.com/muhd_amiruddin/quantumcrypto/wish/650732707