2 tablespoons canola oil

5 chicken drumsticks (about 1 3/4 pounds)

5 bone-in chicken thighs (about 1 3/4 pounds)

1 large yellow onion, quartered and sliced 1/4 inch thick

8 cloves garlic, smashed

5 bay leaves

¼ teaspoon whole black peppercorns

1 cup cane vinegar (see Tips) or unseasoned rice vinegar

⅓ cup reduced-sodium soy sauce

Step 1: Heat oil in a large pot over medium heat until it starts to shimmer. Add drumsticks and cook until brown on all sides, 4 to 6 minutes. Transfer to a plate. Add thighs to the pot and cook until browned, about 3 minutes per side. Transfer to the plate with the drumsticks.

Step 2: Add onion, garlic, bay leaves and peppercorns to the pot; cook, stirring occasionally, until the garlic just begins to brown, about 3 minutes. Add vinegar and soy sauce and bring to a simmer, scraping up any browned bits. Return the chicken to the pot and turn to coat with the sauce. Reduce heat to maintain a gentle simmer, cover and cook, stirring occasionally, until the chicken is very tender, about 1 hour.

Step 3: Transfer the chicken to a clean plate and cover loosely with foil to keep warm. Bring the sauce to a boil and cook, stirring often, until reduced by about one-third, 3 to 5 minutes. Serve the chicken with the sauce.

Goode, J. (2023). Filipino Chicken Adobo. EatingWell. https://www.eatingwell.com/recipe/262791/filipino-chicken-adobo/

Migrants and refugees often face income disparities and lack social protection when arriving in Australia. They often will leave behind their possessions, affecting their income and ability to access healthcare services, housing, and nutritious food (Hynie, 2017). The stress of financial instability can cause PTSD and depression. Australia has social protection systems in place, such as income support payments, Australia’s JobKeeper and cash-for-work initiative to support people in meeting their basic needs and support economic recovery (Australia’s Assistance for Social Protection, 2023).

 

Experiences of exclusion and discrimination can result in stress anxiety and depression, hindering engagement and limiting opportunities for social connections (Hynie, 2017). Australia has The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 to outlaw discrimination based on race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, with the ability to seek legal redress. Social support programs such as The Australian Cultural Orientation Program, Settlement Engagement and Transition Support programs aim to promote social inclusion, participation, and community connectedness (Refugee Response Index (RRI) Australia Review - Pillar 4: Refugees Become Self-Reliant, 2022).

 

Language barriers and differences in education systems can make it challenging for migrants and refugees to access educational opportunities, limiting their socioeconomic mobility (Hynie, 2017). Australia has initiatives to support the education of migrants and refugees, such as English as a Second Language programs and cultural sensitivity training. Australia has embedded intercultural education into its school curriculum to teach about the histories and cultures of minority groups (Refugee Response Index (RRI) Australia Review - Pillar 4: Refugees Become Self-Reliant, 2022).

Australia’s assistance for social protection. (2023). Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/topics/development-issues/building-resilience/social-protection

Hynie, M. (2017). The Social Determinants of Refugee Mental Health in the Post-Migration Context: A Critical Review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717746666

Refugee Response Index (RRI) Australia Review - Pillar 4: Refugees become self-reliant. (2022, December 13). Www.refugeecouncil.org.au. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/rri-refugees-become-self-reliant/

World Health Organization. (2023). Social determinants of health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

 

Malaria is a mosquito-spread parasitic protozoal infection. One treatment available to refugees from Afghanistan who have tested positive for malaria includes antimalarial drugs such as artemisinin-based combination therapies, a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite (Mayo clinic, 2018).

 

Anaemia is defined as a low blood haemoglobin concentration. One treatment available to refugees from Afghanistan who have tested positive for anaemia due to iron deficiency is oral supplementation (Turner & Badireddy, 2022).

 

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by infection of Mycobacteria. One treatment available to refugees from Afghanistan who have tested positive for latent tuberculosis infection is isoniazid through oral for 6-9 months (Denholm et al., 2020).

2021 People in Australia who were born in Afghanistan, Census Country of birth QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). Australian Bureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7201_AUS

Denholm, J., Baker, A.-M., & Timlin, M. (2020). Latent tuberculosis in the general practice context. Australian Journal of General Practice, 49(3), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-10-19-5139

Matsangos, M., Ziaka, L., Exadaktylos, A. K., Klukowska-Rötzler, J., & Ziaka, M. (2022). Health Status of Afghan Refugees in Europe: Policy and Practice Implications for an Optimised Healthcare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159157

Mayo clinic. (2018). Malaria. Mayoclinic.org; Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351190

Rezaei, O., Adibi, H., & Banham, V. (2021). Integration Experiences of Former Afghan Refugees in Australia: What Challenges Still Remain after Becoming Citizens? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910559

Turner, J., & Badireddy, M. (2022, August 8). Anemia. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/