pba2 by Adithya Murugesan https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr for my pba en-us 2021-11-19 15:28:20 UTC 2021-12-16 15:21:58 UTC hello@padlet.com Animal testing adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931471131 animal are used to biomedical research since some Greek physician like Aristotle 
(384 – 322 BC) and Erasistratus,
 (304 – 258 BC) performed experiments on living animals 

link- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123518/ ]]> 2021-12-06 15:54:49 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931471131 Animal testing in the 12th century adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931479325 Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) is a Arab physician in the 12th century introduced animal testing and testing surgeries/medications  on animal before using it on humans.

link-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123518/]]> 2021-12-06 15:57:48 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931479325 Animal death due to animal testing adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931503779 more than 100 million animals are died each year in the US these animals deaths include animals such as frogs,mice rats,dogs,cats, birds and etc. These deaths are caused by animals testing such as chemical test,drug test, food test, cosmetic test and etc 

link- https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/ ]]> 2021-12-06 16:07:01 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931503779 How animals suffer due to animal testing adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931513658 before the animals die because of testing some Animals are forced to inhale toxic gases until they suffocate to death and other animals have holes drilled into their skull and other have their skinned burned during testing and some unlucky ones have their spine crushed 

link-https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/]]> 2021-12-06 16:10:40 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1931513658 cruelty free cosmetics 2013 adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1936271573 In 2013, the European Union banned the testing of cosmetics on animals in the EU, and the marketing or sale of cosmetics that have been tested on animals outside the EU. Since then, Norway, Switzerland, Israel, Turkey, India, Guatemala, Taiwan, and New Zealand have instituted bans on testing or marketing. Other countries, including Canada and Australia, have active pending legislation underway.

In the United States, California passed the Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Act, but the federal government does not require animal testing for cosmetics. Sens. Dianne Feinstein and Susan Collins introduced the Personal Care Products Safety Act, S. 1113, with the goal of improving cosmetics safety and regulation. But to be effective, S.1113 must drive regulatory science forward and ban animal testing for cosmetics.

link- https://www.pcrm.org/ethical-science/animal-testing-and-alternatives/cruelty-free-cosmetics
]]> 2021-12-08 16:23:52 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1936271573 china removes testing adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1936274547 The majority of cosmetics imported for sale in China are required to be tested on animals. There are some exceptions; however, it is estimated that cosmetics testing to satisfy Chinese regulatory requirements account for potentially 75 percent of animals killed for cosmetics testing globally.

Until China removes these testing requirements, companies large and small are trying strategies to remain cruelty-free, such as manufacturing in China, avoiding manufacture of some kinds of cosmetics, creating separate product lines for the Chinese market, or avoiding selling their products in China altogether.

link-https://www.pcrm.org/ethical-science/animal-testing-and-alternatives/cruelty-free-cosmetics
]]> 2021-12-08 16:25:10 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1936274547 alternative methods adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1936277190 Companies can pursue a number of approaches to ensure their cosmetics are safe without testing on animals. There are more than 40 in vitro methods approved by international regulatory bodies.

  • Known Safe Ingredients: Thousands of ingredients have been used for many years, and we already have a lot of information about them.
  • Threshold of Toxicological Concern: Based on knowledge about other chemicals with similar structures and some information about an ingredient, scientists can establish a level below which an ingredient is unlikely to be harmful.
  • Computer-Based Methods: The potential toxicity of an ingredient can be predicted by assessing the chemical structures and properties of a few or many thousands of chemicals, together with mathematical algorithms and supercomputing power.
  • In Vitro Methods: From simple cell cultures to 3D models of human skin, liver, and other organs, there are many methods available to assess cosmetic safety.
“
link-https://www.pcrm.org/ethical-science/animal-testing-and-alternatives/cruelty-free-cosmetics
]]> 2021-12-08 16:26:12 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1936277190 animal suffering 1944 adithyamurugesan349 https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1952027235  Draize irritancy tests, which require directly exposing animals’ eyes and skin to chemicals, are developed. Considered for decades to be the gold standard for cosmetic safety assessments, these tests cause extensive animal suffering.

link-https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/timeline-cosmetics-testing-animals]]> 2021-12-16 15:21:58 UTC https://padlet.com/adithyamurugesan349/vwsix23to025tmtr/wish/1952027235