Food and Society by https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au Chapter 4 Food & Religion en-us 2018-09-17 15:48:17 UTC 2018-09-24 15:55:49 UTC hello@padlet.com From your assigned pages in Chapter 4, teach the content about religion and food. marytaylor3 https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/282434988 2018-09-17 16:16:09 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/282434988 Seventh Day Adventists (p. 94) shannaporterfield https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284664586 early 1800's - people believed in 2nd coming of Christ. 
1843-1844 is when a man named William Miller predicted it would happen.
A group of people did not think he was wrong -- these are current 7th day Adventists. (Official in 1863)  
Spiritual guide - Ellen G. Harmon (Mrs. James White)
2,000 visions, not prophet though
2010: 1 million in US, 18million ww
-practice Protestantism (advent means "the coming" in Latin [big plague, pestilence, war & all bad people/Satan die] 
-follow the bible strictly, but celebrate the Sabbath from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday (no work is done)
-headquaters located in Tacoma Park, Maryland
-every church is pastor led (more like a teacher) but all are underneath the leadership of the president of general conference
-follow the apostle Paul's teaching that the body is a holy temple
-sickness is violation of laws of health and is avoidable by eating right foods in moderation and getting enough rest/exercise.
-many are vegan, vegetarian, or do not eat pork/shellfish. (diet in Eden)
-abstain from alcohol, smoking, tea and coffee. Water is the best drink, before and after each meal not during. Meals are not seasoned very much and hot spices are typically avoided. Eating between meals is discouraged.]]> 2018-09-22 19:07:53 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284664586 Buddhism (p. 103-104) megan_powell1 https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284688307 This religion was an offshoot of Hinduism, keeping several Hindu tenets such as the cycles of life, death, and rebirth that all living beings must endure, spiritual liberation from flesh, the doctrine of karma, and that the way to true wisdom must come from taming the desires of the body.  However, Buddha believed that the way to attain spiritual fulfillment was not through extremes and instead lay on the Middle Way, meaning that denial of passions and indulgence of passions were both to be avoided.

Buddhism is based on the Four Noble Truths which lead a believer down the Eight Fold Path to nirvana, or the state of calm insight, passionlessness, and wisdom.  The Truths describe the idea that suffering is part of living, that suffering is caused by the body’s cravings for material wealth and pleasure, and that removing these cravings through the Eight Fold Path a person can be free of suffering, achieve nirvana, and remove themselves from the endless cycle of reincarnation.

The two main schools of Buddhism practiced today are Theravada, also called Hinayana, Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism.  The former is largely practiced in India and SE Asia, while the latter is found more in China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Mongolia.  Theravada Buddhism is used more as a spiritual philosophy and set of ethics rather than a religion, and Mahayana Buddhism includes a pantheon of deified Buddhas that have traveled throughout many worlds to spread dharma, spiritual truth.

A Buddhist’s diet depends on what sect he or she believes in.  They range from lacto-ovo-vegetarians, to pescatarians, to only abstaining from beef, to eating any protein as long as they didn’t kill the animal themselves.

Festivals also depend on the sect a person is involved in.  Mahayana Buddhists honor the Buddha on three separate days, respectively for his birth, enlightenment, and death while Theravada Buddhists celebrate Magha Puja in February or March.  Buddhist monks also routinely fast and do not eat solid food after noon.
]]> 2018-09-23 01:58:21 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284688307 Islam (p. 94-96) shannaporterfield https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284695849 2nd largest religious group
dominant in middle east, north Africa, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Malaysia and various parts of the world.
Islam (submission) Muslim (he who submits)
-Mohammad (born in Meca, Saudia Arabia) was a prophet who delivered God's messages
-decade of revelations through archangel Gabriel, his teaching met w/ hostility so he fled to Yathrib (Medina), so now the year of the flight (hegira) is 1st year in Muslim calendar. Returned to Mecca 8 years later
-Qur'an (Koran or Quran) is sacred writing of Mohammad through Allah
-parallels w/ bible and folk tales, gives basic Islamic laws
-believe in one true God, but the NT an OT are incomplete and fulfilled only in Koran. Doctrines are monotheism and final judgment. Jesus is
-5 pillars of Islam -1) Faith shown by declaration of there is no god but Allah, Mohammad is his prophet. 2) Prayer 5x daily facing Mecca w/ Fridays in a mosque. 3.) Almsgiving is offering to the poor usually 2.5%. 4.) Fasting to wipe sin ans appreciate hunger of poor. 5.) Pilgrimage to Mecca if they can, specific rules.
-no priests, caliphes were successors of Allah but none alive today. Mufti: lawyer who gives legal advice on Koran. Imam: leads prayer and sermon on Friday's mosque.
4 sects of Islam w/ diff theories on caliphs: 1) Sunni - largest group, believ caliphate is elected office served by someone from tribe of Mohammad. 2) Shi'ia - 2nd largest - god given office held by Mohammad and descendants. 3) Khawarij - open to any believe deemed fit. 4) - Sufis - mystics who want close union w/ god now not hereafter. 
- 2.9m in U.S mostly sunni's from Middle East. Nation of Islam - black muslims following Allah and Koran. Split in this group caused new branch of Islam called World community of Al-Islam
 ]]> 2018-09-23 04:31:18 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284695849 Halal (p.96-98) shannaporterfield https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284700652 eating is a form of worship.
purpose is for survival and good health, self-indulgence is forbidden.
-2/3 capacity, sharing encouraged, food is never wasted
-hands and mouth cleaned before meals. if utensils are not used they eat w/ there right hand bc left is unclean
-only foods excluded are:all swine, 4 footed animals that catch prey w/ mouth, and birds of prey that catch w/ talons.
-improperly slaughtered animals (must slit throat, drain blood completely, and the person must say "In the name of God, God is great." different beliefs in consuming meat in who slaughters it.
-blood and blood products.
-alcohol and drugs (unless medical), even accidentally fermented foods are avoided. coffee and tea discouraged.
-these foods can be consumed taken by mistake, forced, or fearing starvation.
-foods in compliance w/ Halal are marked with IFNCA mark.
-Feast Days:
1.)Eid al-Fitr (feast of fast breaking) end of Ramadan feast and almsgiving.
2.)Eid al-Azha (festival of sacrifice) -Abraham's willingness, sheep is sacrificed and shared.
3.)Shab-i-Barat - god determines actions of every person for the next year. 
4.)Nau-Roz first day after the sun crosses the vernal equinox. 
5.)Maulud n'Nabi - birthday of Mohammad
[also occurs for births, marriages, havest, death, circumcision, and Bismillah]
-Fast Days: abstain for food, drink, smoke, and coitus. can be eaten before sun comes up and after it goes down. occurs during Ramadan (9th islamic calendar month) . gates of heaven are opened and hell is shut w/ devil in chains. all over puberty must fast except sickly, pregnant, lactating, menstruation, elders, traveling, hard labor, mentally disabled. guests are invited and sweets are taken in. Also encouraged to fast at other times, preferably on Mon/Thurs. Prohibited from fasting on certain days like Fridays.]]> 2018-09-23 06:09:06 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284700652 shannaporterfield https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284700666 2018-09-23 06:09:36 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284700666 Food and Religion (p.82) jujusmith15 https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284787407 The function of religion is to explain the inexplicable, thus providing humans with a sense of comfort.
Food is an important part of the religious symbols, rites, and customs.
The Western World
-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
-the most prevalent religions
The Eastern World 
-Hinduism and Buddhism 
The Western Religions
-originating in the Middle East
-equated with the worship of a single God and the belief that God is omnipotent and omniscient.
The Eastern Religions
-developed in India
-they do not teach that God is lord and maker of the universe
-principal goal is deliverance, or liberation, of the immortal human soul from the bondage of the body.
Food Habits
-it is important to remember that religious dietary practices vary enormously, even among members of the same faith.
-many religious food practices were codified hundreds or thousands of years ago. They have been reinterpreted over time and to meet the needs of expanding populations.
-as a result, most religions have areas of questionable guidelines.
-an example would be fish without scales are banned under kosher food laws.
Religious food practices are often adapted to personal needs.
Catholics
-encouraged to make a sacrifice during Lent. 
-traditionally gave up meat but today may give up pastries or candy,
Buddhists
-may adopt a vegetarian diet only during the period when as an elder they become a monk or a nun.]]> 2018-09-23 19:18:20 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284787407 Judaism Religious Holiday's, Fast Days and Nutrition Status (p. 86-89) gretanmcc https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284799735 -The Sabbath is the Jewish day of rest that starts right before sundown on Friday, and continues until after sunset on Saturday every week. All work must be completed before this time, and no work is allowed during the Sabbath. Even preparing a fire is considered work so all food must be prepared in advance. The most likely foods consumed are a protein such as fish or chicken, or a dish called cholent, which is a dish that contains beans or potatoes and can be left simmering on Saturday for the evening meal.
-Rosh Hashanah is the beginning of the New Year for the Jewish, and the date varies from year to year. This day is the beginning of a 10 day period of penitence. A baked good called a challah is made into a round shape that symbolizes a life and year of uninterrupted health and happiness. Foods that have Hebrew names that are similar to certain words may be eaten, the book uses the example of beets, which is similar to the word remove - a prayer that enemies may be removed. No sour or bitter foods are prepared on this holiday.
-Yom Kippur is the tenth day after Rosh Hashanah and is considered the holiest day of the year, and it actually just occurred this past week (September 18th). In the Old Testament of the Bible which the Jewish believe, this holiday was the time that the high priest would enter the temple and sacrifice animals as atonement for the sins of the people. They would spend a day in prayer and fasting then on the morning of the next day, they would recite a passage from the Book of Deuteronomy collectively, and then have a time of feasting and celebration. 
-Sukkot, Feast of Tabernacles. This is a festival of thanksgiving that happens in September or October and is a week long celebration. On the last day, the Simchat Torah (the last reading, or completion) is read, and then started again. 
-Hanukkah, the Festival of Lights. Hanukkah is an eight day celebration during the month of December to commemorate the recapture of the Temple in Jerusalem in 169 CE (p. 87). It is celebrated by lighting one extra candle on a menorah every night 
so that on the last night every candle is lit. Latkes (a potato pancake) are a traditional food that is eaten during this time.
-Purim. Purim is a celebration that takes place in February or March to commemorate the Persian Jews being rescued from death by Queen Esther. It is a "good deed" to eat an abundant meal that contains lots of meat and alcoholic beverages. Many significant sweet breads are also made.
-Passover. Passover is an eight day festival occurring in March or April. It celebrates the Jewish exodus from Egypt. During the eight days, no food that is subject to a leavening process or that has come in contact with one can be eaten. Milk and meat cannot be mixed at any time, so some Jewish families have two sets of special dishes, utensils and pots used only for the Passover festival. There is a table called a seder table that is set with best china, and "must include candles, kosher wine, the Haggadah, three pieces of matzot, covered separately in the folds of a napkin or special Passover cover, and a seder plate." (p. 88) There are 6 items that must go on a seder plate. 1). Z'roah, a roasted shank bone, 2). Beitzah, a roasted egg, 3). Marror, bitter herbs (oftentimes horseradish), 4). Haroset, a mixture of chopped apple, nuts, cinnamon and wine, 5). Karpas, a green vegetable such as lettuce or parsley, 6). A special cup, usually beautifully decorated.
-Shavout, Season of the Giving of the Torah. This festival occurs 7 weeks after the second day of Passover and is a commemoration of the revelation of the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai.
-Fast Days. There are 7 major fast days that the Jewish observe, including Tzom, Yom Kippur, Tenth of Tevet, Seventeenth of Tamuz, Ta'anit Ester, Ta'anit Bechorim, and Tisha b'Av.
-Nutrition Status. 60-80% of Jews are lactose intolerant, IBD is a genetic predisposition, but overall there are few studies on the nutritional status of Jews.]]> 2018-09-23 20:48:08 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284799735 gretanmcc https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284814041 Challah Bread]]> 2018-09-23 23:09:50 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284814041 gretanmcc https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284814165 Latkes]]> 2018-09-23 23:11:13 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284814165 Eastern Religions - Hinduism (pg. 98-100) gabrielle_guedea https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284816151 -world's oldest religion 
-basis of other religions like Buddhism
-most Hindus live in India (its birthplace)
-common Hindu scriptures are the Vedas, the Epics, and the Bhagavata Purana 
-there are 4 Vedas: Rigveda. Samaveda, Yajurveda, Aatharvaveda
-goal of Hinduism is to make humans one with the Universal Spirit - this cannot be achieved by being a good person, but by transforming human consciousness (moksha) into a new realm of divine consciousness
-Hindus believe in law of rebirth (reincarnation), which is every person passes through a series of lives before obtaining liberation
-Hindus also believe in the law of karma, which is the idea that one's present life is the result of what one though or did
-the goal for all souls is liberation - in each incarnation, a soul moves up or down a spiritual ladder
-one Supreme Being, Brahman (there are different manifestations of him) - Hindus choose the form of Supreme Being that satisfies their spirit - this makes Hinduism very tolerant of other gods
-three most important functions of the Supreme Being are the creation, protection, and destruction of the world - personified as Brahma, Vishnu, Siva (protector of the world)
-Hindus believe the world passes through repeating cycles -  most common creation is life of Vishnu - from Vishnu's navel grows a lotus and from its petals is born Brahma (who creates the world) - Vishnu governs the world until he sleeps, then Siva destroys it and is absorbed into Vishnu's body to be created again
-principles of Hinduism are purity, self control, detachment, truth, and nonviolence
-one common belief of Hinduism is that the world evolved in successive stages - beginning with matter, consciousness, and intelligence to spiritual bliss 
-spirit first appears as life in plants then as consciousness in animals, intelligence in humans, and finally bliss in the Supreme Spirit
-truth, beauty, love, and righteousness are of higher importance than intellectual values or biological values
-material values are valued least]]> 2018-09-23 23:31:51 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284816151 Judaism (83-85) allison_rowe https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284817618 The Jewish religion began with Abraham getting a message from God. 
-was originally a nation and a religion
-Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem destroyed
-the Diaspora was the Jews being dispersed all over the world from Roman captivity
- European Jews (Ashkenazi)
-Jews in Spain (Sephardim)
-Hasidic Jews are Ashkenazi where salvation is found in communion with God and in the Bible
-Hasidic evident in US cities that wear long black coats and fur trimmed hats with long beards and side curls
-Hebrew Bible (Torah) which are the first 5 books of the Bible (G,E, L, N, D) 
-Torah is the beginning of Judaism and basic laws of God
-10 Commandments, prepare food, give to charity, conduct one's life
-Jews do not believe humans are born sinful; they choose to be
-only one, true God
-Jews attend synagogue (temple) where a rabbi preaches
-US groups classified as Orthodox, Conservative, & Reform
-Orthodox, very detailed in following
-Reform, do not believe ritual laws, but moral laws
-Conservative, in the middle
-Peak Jewish immigration (1880-1920)
-Escaped Nazi Germany
-Found in New York, Florida, California
-Most Conservative Ashkenazi
-Most foods reflect region of the Jews' home
-Kosher is the dietary laws and permitted food items
-Glatt refers to the standards of the kosher law preparation
1. Animals with cloven feet that chews cud may be eaten. (cattle, deer, goats, sheep)
2. A shote must be a trained Jew cutting the jugular and trachea simultaneously and then the animal can be eaten
3. Animal after slaughter must be inspected.
4. Blood and fat not with flesh on 4 footed animals are prohibited
5. To eat meat, the fat, blood, vessels, and sciatic nerve must be removed.
6. Meat and dairy products must not be eaten together
7. Products from forbidden animals are prohibited except honey
8. Watch for insects and worms on fruit and veggies, you must wash them multiple times.]]> 2018-09-23 23:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284817618 Christianity (89-94) eleanor_pulliam https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284848696 Christianity is the most followed religion than any other single religion in the world.  There are three main branches of Christianity that all follow the life and teachings of Jesus, and that all believe Jesus was the Son of God and Savior.  The three branches are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox , and Protestantism.  Each of the three branches use sacraments formed from what Jesus said and did, and use these sacraments to receive grace from God.  
1. Roman Catholicism
- Feast days:  These typically depend on the nationality of those celebrating.  While the days celebrated are typically the same in every country (for example Christmas, Easter, New Year's, Palm Sunday, Ascension, Pentecost, etc.), the food consumed varies.  For example, Christmas in American is associated with ham while Christmas in France is associated with buche de Noel, and in Italy panettone is served.  
- Fast days:  Fasting, technically, is only the omission of a midday meal.  On fasting days, a vegetarian diet is followed for morning and evening meals.  These fast days are Lent, Advent, and Ember days.  However only the very devout follow this.  Most Roman Catholics in the U.S. do practice fasting on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.  In 1966 the U.S. Catholic Conference abolished most dietary restrictions regarding abstinence.  Older Catholics most likely still follow the old law.
2. Eastern Orthodox Christianity
- The largest dietary difference in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity is that Easter Orthodox uses leavened bread for Communion.  
- Feast days:  The feast days are the same as those of Roman Catholics, except Easter Orthodox also recognize Theophany; Presentation of our Lord into the Temple; Transfiguration; Dormition, Nativity, and Presentation of the Holy Theotokos.  Lent is preceded by a period beginning three weeks before Lent, called pre-Lenten.  Three Sundays before Lent, all the meat in the house is eaten.  On the Sunday before Lent, all the cheese, eggs, and butter in the house are eaten.  The following Monday, fasting begins for Pre-Lenten and lasts until the midnight that marks Easter.  
- Fast days:  Every Wednesday and Friday (omitting the time between Christmas and Theophany, the week following Easter, and the Trinity Week), Eve of Theophany, Beheading of John the Baptist, Elevation of the Holy Cross, the Nativity fast, Great Lent, Fast of the Apostles, and Fast of the Dormition are all fasting days and/or periods.  No meat or animal products are consumed on fast days, and no food at all is consumed on days Communion will be taken, until after the service which this takes place.  
3. Protestantism
- The Reformation movement in the sixteenth Century birthed Protestantism.  Martin Luther gets the credit for this when he nailed the 95 protests against the Catholic Church to the castle church in Wittenberg, Germany.  He encouraged the individual to take responsibility for his own spiritual walk, and emphasized good words do not negate evil deeds.  From this, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Baptist, Methodist, and many more denominations were formed.  
- Eucharist:  This is the Communion, also known as the Lord's Supper.  This is a form of wine/juice and bread/wafer taken by Protestants.  It signifies the living presence of God and the Passover.  Some share the wine/juice cup, and others offer Communion in individual cups, and a similar process is used with the bread/wafer.  
- Holidays:  Primarily, only Christmas and Easter are celebrated as Christian holidays.  Typically there are no dietary implementations.
- Mormons:  Also known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the Mormon church arose in the early 1800s by Joseph Smith Jr.  In these churches, there are no paid clergy.  However there is a hierarchy followed based on Biblical principles, with the twelve apostles serving as a ruling council.  This religion is widely practiced in the Western U.S., with more than 5 million members of the Mormon church in 2014.  The Mormon laws of health prohibit tobacco, heavy drinking, and hot drinks (tea and coffee).  Meat is eaten sparingly.  There must be a year's supply of clothing and food for each family member in every house at all times.  Many fast one day per month.  
- Seventh-Day Adventists: This church is remarkably similar to most Protestant denominations, with the most remarkable difference being that members of this church believe the beginning of the Second Coming of Christ began in the 1800s and is ongoing today. These people dress simply, wear functional jewelry, avoid drawing attention to themselves based on appearance, and they cook on Fridays and do dishes on Sundays. The guide for this church during its founding was Ellen G. Harmon, who followed the teachings of William Miller. Mrs. White wrote a book series outlining the body as a temple of the Holy Spirit. These books preach that sickness is due to a violation of Christian health laws, and can be prevented by moderation, exercise, and rest. The Eden diet (Vegetarianism) is widely followed - most are lacto-ovo vegetarians. Pork and shellfish are avoided. Coffee, tea, and alcohol are also avoided in the diet, and water is consumed before and after mealtime. Meals are not seasoned heavily and snacks are discouraged, as 5-6 hours between meals is optimal for digestion.]]> 2018-09-24 04:07:42 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284848696 Hindu Religion (cont.) (pg. 100-103) ekunderwood12 https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284999949 The Hindu society has tried to create an ideal society—one that focuses on spiritual success rather than wealth or power. This is reflected in their caste system that they call estates. These four “estates” are Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sundras. A non-category is the “untouchables” like butchers and leather workers that are estimated to make up about 14.4% of the population. These four estates are a representation of the Creator’s body—his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet respectively. The Brahmins are the most religious/spiritual and the Sundras are the least spiritual. The subcastes (smaller divisions of their caste system) are more important than the more broad caste system. They base a lot of their beliefs on natural, fundamental qualities of purity, energy, and inertia. This means that people are born into a family occupation and may be promoted in another life (the belief of reincarnation). Purity is interesting because there is a contrast of pollution. Living cow products help to purify. Certain waters can purify as well. Human body products pollute the body. Water absorbs pollution and is the easiest method of purification. All people should follow a system to fulfill the needs and wants of their bodies. First, they must be a student and learn, then they must serve their marriage, community and country. Then, they must meditate and become a recluse. Finally, they will give up all earthly possessions. These are very interesting. In the medidation of daily life, they often practice yoga. Rather than focus on the supreme being, they worship ritualistically and focus on a smaller diety. There are approximately 2.2 million Hindus in the United States. Some of these are actually non-Indian people as well. Hindus have a lot of food restrictions. Many are vegetarians. None may eat the meat of a cow. Pork is often avoided as well. The Hindu laws make a variety of suggestions rather than laws. Certain people cannot prepare food and food that has been contaminated may not be eaten.  There are 18 different feast days in the Hindu religion. Each feast commemorates a specific religious celebration. In contrast, there are a variety of fasting days but these depend on how devout a person is in the religion. ]]> 2018-09-24 13:21:01 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/284999949 shannaporterfield https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/285065594 2018-09-24 14:57:39 UTC https://padlet.com/marytaylor3/vvaz5e9xd3au/wish/285065594