Macy Rietz

Gracie Guest

Savannah Godefroy

Glycolysis is targeted (glucose and ATP to make Glucose-6-phosphate)

Sara Lebowitz

Kate McCarthy

Deena Warid

Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) is targeted, which mediates the conversion of glucose to lactate in cancer cells (AKA Warburg effect)

Lexie Kidd

Emmy Korman

Fatty acid oxidation is the pathway targeted for MYC-overexpressed triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)

what metabolic pathway is targeted?

Targets glucose metabolism by inhibiting the activity of glucose transporters Glut-1, -2, and -3

Riley Reyes

Lucy Edwards

Carlos Avila

Glycolysis is disrupted

Pyruvate oxidation after glycolysis is targeted (specifically mitochondrial pyruvate carrier genes- MPC1 and MPC2)

Michael Norris

Taylor Nutzman

MYC induces SREBP1, regulating fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis.

David Cho

Addie Daniels

Hexokinase 2(rate-limiting glycolysis enzyme that converts glucose to G6P)

Targets glycolysis

Is the drug still being used?

Is in use in humans today! Can be used alone or in combination with other drugs.

Elli Buslee

Amanda Josey

Since H2K targets the metabolic pathway of glycolysis, it targets cancers that are highly dependent on glycolysis, such as kidney and liver cancers.

Sara Lebowitz

Kate McCarthy

Deena Warid

The study confirmed PKM2 as a target for therapeutics given its importance to the Warburg effect, but the specific compound used in the study was found to be ineffective, so we are not currently using it. PKM2 is very complex so we do not yet understand it enough to develop an effective drug.

Etomoxir worked during the study, was a Fatty acid oxidation inhibitor but was determined to need more research before widespread use. Still being considered for Triple Negative Breast Cancer treatment.

What types of cancer?

Paper mentions that the drug works in a variety of cancer cell lines. They mention that growth is very suppressed in colon cancer

Benitrobenrazide(BNBZ)

Still under research and development(since 2021), not commercially being used

Grant Garcia

Taylor Weathers

The TCA cycle is the metabolic pathway affected.

Yes it is being used in animals, but not humans - Cancer cells (RCC's) are reliant on the GLUT-1 pathway, while healthy cells can use alternative pathways to get glucose into the cell.

Human clinical trials showed adverse effects, but animals responded well to STF-31

Addie Ruth

Rachel Choe

Alex Fiorentino

Aerobic glycolysis is targeted. Specifically the conversion of pyrutave and lactate. (LDH inhibitor)

Shifi Pasupuleti

Glutamine metabolism is targeted (glutaminolysis - conversion of glutamine into glutamate)

Sara Lebowitz

Kate McCarthy

Deena Warid

PKM2 is overexpressed in many cancer cell types. Non small-cell lung cancer was the primary type targeted because of its high mortality rate, but colorectal cancer was also mentioned in the study.

Treatment does not look to have left the developmental stage. Has been considered to be a possible therapeutic treatment.

General cancer

Targets HK2, universal enzyme that is used in all glycolysis

Renal Cancers specifically use the GLUT1 transporter. Research will be done to explore STF-31's use in other cancers that also use GLUT1 as their primary transporter.

According to our paper in 2013, they worked to inhibit LDHA, so we assume it would still be considered/used.

Lauren Cassin

Alex M

ENO1 and ENO2 (part of glycolysis, ENO1 not able to use in cancerous cells and use ENO2)

Used to target MYC-overexpression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

MYC is a transcription factor which is disproportionately elevated in TNBC cells.

TNBC is sensitive to Fatty Acid Oxidation inhibition in a MYC-dependent manner. Etomoxir inhibits Fatty Acid Oxidation.

POMHEX is the drug used, still being used today in research

Yes, TOFA is still being used/considered in laboratory settings as a tool to study and inhibit fatty acid synthesis.

cancerous cells that have the ENO1 deletion and instead have the ENO2 isoform

It is sued in tumors where the MYC proto-oncogene is over expressed or amplified. It is commonly in certain lymphomas, lung cancers, neuroblastoma, and some pediatric brain tumors.

Melanoma seems to be the target cancer cell in this study; however, minimal trials have been run on cancer cells that cause colon cancer. Immunotherapy is the standard for the treatment of melanoma.

Hepatocellular and breast carcinomas cancers were specifically targeted because they have high LDHA expression and Warburg effect dependency.

Shifi Pasupuleti

Two compounds: CB-839 (a GLS inhibitor) and V-9302 (a glutamine transporter inhibitor).

No. The study states CB-839 is undergoing clinical trial testing for numerous solid tumors. CB-839 is not currently approved for clinical use but it has been tested in numerous Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials for various cancers. V-9302 is not in clinical use.

Shifi Pasupuleti

The paper focuses its investigation and findings primarily on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer