function- VAR aims to enhance accuracy of decisions made during matches, ensuring fairness and reducing clear errors.

example in sport- VAR would be used if the referee thinks a player was offside when a goal is scored, VAR would be checked for final decisions.

how it improves performance or decision making- VAR improves decision making as it finalises and is a source of proof for the referee to make the final decision.

name- Wearable GPS (Rugby, Running)

function- Wearable GPS devices enhance outdoor experiences by providing essential location and fitness information.

example in sport- a Fitbit or an apple watch can be used as a wearable GPS, these allow to track workouts and navigate whilst exercising without carrying their phone.

how it improves performance or decision making- a wearable GPS improves performance as it can provide precise location, it also allows for the athletes to measure their distance and speed accurately during workouts. It is also able to set specific fitness goals, such as distance or time targets, which can motivate and enhance training effectiveness.

Katie-Louise

Function:Hawk-Eye uses four high speed cameras at each end to locate the position of the ball up to 26 metres above the posts and 4 metres outside each post. Decisions should take just one second to be automated and will be able to be viewed on the big screen. An example of the process should work can be seen below.

Example in sport: An example of Hawkeye in Gaelic would be if the referee or umpires are unsure if the score went over or not, Hawkeye can be used to confirm.

How it improves performance or decision making: As Hawkeye uses multiple cameras to track the balls trajectory and provides a 3d representation helps to make decisions in a split-second.

Name: Wearable GPS (running)

Function: For runners interested in long races, a GPS watch should accurately mark your pace and distance to help you improve over time.

Example:A gps watch enables runners to monitor their pace in real-time, helping them maintain a consistent speed throughout their run or adjust their pace as needed to meet their training objectives.

How it improves performance:As the gps can track their pace it can help as they can learn if they are going to slow or too fast, or even when to change pace.

Emma Hillen

Name- VAR (Football)

Function- VAR is a match official who assists the referee and reviews specific incidents during a match by using video footage to then advise the referee on whether to change their initial decision.

Example in Sports- VAR is only used for situations like if a goal was scored that could potentially be off-side, if a direct red card was justified, if it was a hand ball or if the referee has mistakenly identified a player.

How it improves performance or decision-making- It improves the referees decision-making as they can identify and correct mistakes that might have been missed during the live action by reviewing footage, so to the players they have a source of evidence to back themselves up.

Name- Hawk Eye (Tennis, Cricket)

Function- It tracks the ball in tennis, cricket and football and informs the referee if the ball fully crosses the goal line into the goal or goes out of bounds. It provides a visual representation of the ball’s path in 3D using multiple camera angles

Example in Sports- An example in tennis would be if the ball landed closely out of bounds, by reviewing the 3D visual of its flight path the umpires can make a call with more accurate evidence to back their decision.  

How it improves performance or decision-making- It improves performance by providing highly accurate real-time data on a ball’s trajectory. It also improves decision-making as it used multiple cameras in 3D that helps make decisions in a split second.

Jasmin Cullen

VAR in football allows referees to go to the side of a pitch and check back on tackles, goals etc to check whether he should give a red card etc to a player or a goal to a team or decide that it’s offside. A lot of people associated with football don’t like VAR but it helps make each game fair and helps there be a fair result at the end of each football match

Function:

This technology is utilised to enhance the accuracy of decisions made by the officials in football matches making the game more fair for both teams.

Example:

An example of VAR being used during a match being carried out could be when the referee believes that a goal should be given offside, the VAR works to determine whether or not the player was offside, which allows for the referees decision to be made with certainty.

How it improves performance and decision making:

VAR improves decision making in football as it allows the decisions made by refs to be without a doubt accurate.

Wearable GPS- Running

Function:

The function of this technology is to be able to track specific data during activities such as running which may include distance, altitude gain or descent and heart rate.

Example:

An example of a wearable gps being used is for a club runner who wants to track their statistics during/after they’ve completed a 5k.

How it improves performance and decision making:

It improves performance as it can help give people goals they want to strive for which can then be easily trackable thanks to the GPS.

Hawk-Eye is a computer vision system that uses multiple cameras to track the trajectory of a ball and predict its path with high accuracy. It will Enhance officiating by providing accurate line-calling in tennis.

VAR (football)

VAR is a technology used in football to review key decisions such as goals, penalties, red cards, and mistaken identity. It can improve the game by reducing referee errors by allowing officials to review incidents using multiple camera angles. - Shea O’Connor

Function - Goal line technology is a system that uses cameras and sensors to accurately determine whether the ball has completely crossed the goal line, providing real-time information to the referee to assist them in deciding whether a goal has been scored or not.

Example in sports - Goal line technology is used during a match if the ball is close to the goal line and especially if the ball bounces off the line from hitting the crossbar or from a save from the goalkeeper, another reason why goal line technology may be used, is if a player is obstructing the view, then the referee can then watch it back to see whether or not there was a goal scored or not, goal line technology is used in major football competitions like the Premier League and UEFA Champions League.

How it improves performance or decision making - It improves the referees decision making as it provides the referee with immediate and accurate information about whether the ball has fully crossed the goal line or not, and this can significantly impact on the overall performance as it is fair to both teams.

Name - Wearable GPS tracker (Rugby)

Function - Wearable GPS tracker is a device that measures key performance metrics such as speed, distance covered, and physical exertion during matches and training.

Example in sports - GPS tracker, impact sensors, and heart rate monitors are all pieces of wearable technology that a rugby player may use during their training session or matches, these pieces of wearable technology allows coaches to gather loads of different information about their players and it will indicate their strengths, weaknesses and areas for improvement, and they can also help to prevent injuries.

How it improves performance or decision making - It improves the players overall performance as they can look back at the data that the GPS tracker has collected throughout their training sessions and matches and they can see what their strengths, weaknesses and areas for improvement, and by the GPS tracker providing the players with this information they can then work on this, in future training sessions to help to improve their sporting performance.

Ella Murphy

Used to accurately determine if the entire ball has crossed over the goal line. This would then decide if its a goal or not. It also helps the referees if they get the decide wrong. Doing this will make it more fair during the game and overall improve the game and not lead to post-match issues.

Hawk-eye - Tennis

It is used to track the ball especially at high speeds. They are positioned in different areas around the court. It provides a precise representation on where the ball land on the court. The players can call for a challenge if they feel the ball is out and this is when the technology come in. It tends to be very quick and this help keep the game flowing better.

Sports using GPS - It can be used in a great deal of sports for example, soccer, rugby, American football, running and many more

How it improves performance - GPS helps coaches track the location of athletes and gather a vast amount of important data such as running speed, position of each player, distance, and other parameters that can be important for a particular game or activity.

All this enables more precise and high-quality performance tracking and ensures a better focus on the needs of each athlete as well individual professional growth.

Name and Function - Hawkeye

Hawk-Eye is a computer system that tracks the path of a ball in sports to help referees make decisions.

Sports using Hawkeye - It's used in many sports, including tennis, cricket, soccer, snooker, rugby, and table tennis.

How it improves decision making- HawkEye uses multiple cameras to track the ball from different angles.The system records the ball's trajectory and predicts where it would go if it weren't interrupted , it can also track ball speed and reaction times.

Hawk-Eye can help eliminate errors in assessing whether a goal/point was scored. It can help reduce the need for human judgment in important decisions.

Patrick Finnegan

Hawk-Eye is used to determine if a ball is in or out, and to review line calls. It's used in almost all major tennis tournaments.

Hawk-Eye technology improves performance and decision-making in sports by utilizing multiple cameras to track the trajectory of a ball, providing a highly accurate 3D representation that allows officials to make quick and precise calls on whether a ball landed in or out of bounds, minimizing human error and ensuring fairness in close calls

Video Assistant Referees (VAR) are used in sports like football and rugby to review critical incidents and help referees make decisions. For example, offside decisions or whether a foul occurred inside or outside the penalty area can be determined by the VAR to the referee without a review.

VAR (Video Assistant Referee) improves decision-making in sports like soccer by allowing referees to review critical calls like goals, penalties, red cards, and mistaken identities using video footage, which helps them make more accurate decisions by providing multiple camera angles and slow-motion replays, ultimately aiming to reduce clear and obvious errors in officiating

- Ellen Mccartney

Heart rate monitors are personal monitoring devices that provide real time heart rate measurement and display or heart rate recording for future research. It is mostly used to record heart rate during different forms of exercise

An example of a sport of when t is used is -

During cycling or running

How it improves performance is -

It keeps an eye on your intensity, you may achieve he best possible calorie expenditure and fat and carbohydrate burning. Monitoring the intensity of your workouts is made easier with a reliable heart rate monitor.

Data tracking -

Coaches can learn more about team dynamics, player performance, and potential game plans with the use of sports data analytics. Speed, endurance, and power are just a few of the performance variables that athletes are continuously tracked by wearable technology and sensors.

An example of a sport of when it may be used is -

Soccer

How it improves performance is -

Server racks that are well-designed have built-in features that facilitate effective cooling,

keeping your IT equipment functioning at peak efficiency. This not only guarantees efficient operation but also prolongs the lifespan of your server by avoiding overheating that can harm delicate parts.

Kylah Kearney

Functions: Hawk-Eye is a motion tracking system that processes images from multiple cameras simultaneously focused on a moving object or ball.

It is used in sports likeTennis, Cricket, Football (VAR), and Badminton.

With its particularity in ball-tracking, it mitigates human error in decision-making and enhances officiating accuracy in sports. It allows instantaneous reviews of line calls in tennis, and in football - goal-line technology and offside decisions by referees.

2. Wearable Biometric Sensors

Functions: These sensors monitor heart, oxygen levels, muscle fatigue, and biomechanics as movement efficiency.

It is used in sports like Football, Basketball, Cycling, and Athletics.

These devices assist coaches and players in monitoring athletic loads to prevent injuries and aid in developing strong training programs. Power meters in cycling are a good example enabling cyclists to properly manage their energy output during competitions.

Kiril Babanschi

VAR can only intervene in four specific situations where a ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ might have occurred. These reviewable incidents are, Goals/No goals.

Penalty/No penalty.

Direct red cards.

Mistaken identity.

VAR is helpful in reducing critical errors and improving refereeing accuracy in complex and dynamic football match situations. For example, FIFA (2018) revealed that in the 2018 Men's World Cup, the accuracy rate of refereeing decisions was 95.60% when VAR was not employed and 99.35% when VAR was used.

Wearable GPS- The function of GPS watches or other wearable GPS devices is that they step tracking, heart rate monitoring, timers, phone interface and more, GPS watches are ideal for running or quick navigation on the go. GPS watches usually have features that allow you to track your fitness activity, such as how far you have run or how many steps you have taken. In football, wearable technology is commonly used to monitor player movements, heart rates, and overall workload during training sessions and matches. Devices like GPS trackers and heart rate monitors provide insights into a player's speed, distance covered, and intensity levels. Physical and mental fatigue can affect a referee’s decision-making abilities.

Wearable technology helps referees monitor their energy levels and stay focused throughout the match, reducing the chances of errors due to tiredness or stress. Maintaining physical fitness is crucial for referees, especially in high-intensity sports where they must keep up with professional athletes. Wearable technology like heart rate monitors and accelerometers allow referees to track their fitness levels and ensure they have the stamina to perform consistently throughout a match.

Mary-Anna.