https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf Principals of Biomedical Sciences Unit 4 Project en-us 2019-11-20 16:33:05 UTC 2026-02-18 00:24:23 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/132999512/9edb90d41e655198b4466740561ee137/heart.png 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414121159 The heart is an amazing muscle that is necessary for just about every complex organism's existence. The heart is constantly at work and is pumping oxygenated blood to every part of the body anywhere from 60-100 times a minute. The heart also carries hormones and waste in it and transports those materials wherever they need to go. ]]> 2019-11-20 16:40:07 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414121159 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414124803 The heart contains four chambers, four valves, and four blood vessels that all cooperate to allow oxygenated blood to flow throughout the body.]]> 2019-11-20 16:44:01 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414124803 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414126188 The heart has four hollow chambers that hold blood. The chambers on the top are called atria, while the chambers on the bottom are called ventricles. There are two sides of the heart, separated by the septum. The left side of the heart moves oxygenated blood, while the right side moves deoxygenated blood. Deoxygenated blood coming from the body is dumped into the right atrium, then moved to the right ventricle, so that it can go into the pulmonary artery and become oxygenated. The oxygenated blood from the lungs is then dumped into the left atrium, then moved into the left ventricle so that it can be distributed to the body.]]> 2019-11-20 16:45:36 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414126188 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414126441 The heart contains four different valves to prevent back flow of blood. The valves are the tricuspid valve, the mitral or bicuspid valve, the pulmonary valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle and it prevents the blood from flowing back into the right atrium. The mitral, or bicuspid valve, is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It prevents the back flow of blood to the left atrium. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta. It prevents the blood from returning to the left ventricle. Lastly, the pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. It prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.]]> 2019-11-20 16:45:54 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414126441 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414126724 The heart contains four vessels. The aorta is located at the top of the heart and it transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It has two parts, the ascending aorta and the descending aorta. The ascending aorta contains three vessels branching off of the aortic arch. Two vessels got to each arm and one vessel, along with a vessel branching off of another go to the neck and supply blood to the brain. The descending aorta supplies blood to the legs and abdomen. The next vessel is the vena cava, which contains two parts, the inferior and superior vena cava. As the name implies, the superior vena cava is near the top of the heart, while the inferior vena cava is located near the bottom of the heart. Both of these vessels dump the deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium. The pulmonary arteries are two vessels that are connected together that take the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and supply it to the lungs. On the flip side, the pulmonary veins are four vessels that all dump into the left atrium. They bring the freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.]]> 2019-11-20 16:46:13 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414126724 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414760583 There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all of the body's organs and tissues. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Lastly, capillaries are the tiny vessels that give nutrients to cells and take away their waste.]]> 2019-11-21 16:22:00 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/414760583 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415038167 To begin, the deoxygenated blood from the arms and head is pumped through the superior vena cava and then dumped into the right atrium. Same goes for the deoxygenated blood in the lower half of the body: it is pumped into the inferior vena cava, and then dumped into the right atrium. The blood is then pushed through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The heart contracts, then the blood rushes through the pulmonary valve, then it taken to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to be oxygenated. The newly oxygenated blood from the lungs is then pumped through the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium. The blood is pushed through the mitral, or bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The heart then contracts, forcing the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. The oxygenated blood is then pumped throughout the body through the aorta and the descending aorta.]]> 2019-11-22 00:46:51 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415038167 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415040504 Blood pressure is the measurement of the pressure or force applied to blood vessel walls as the heart pumps blood.]]> 2019-11-22 00:54:40 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415040504 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415041040 Blood pressure is measured by a device called a sphygmomanometer. The device is placed around the upper arm. The systolic and diastolic pressure is measured through increasing and decreasing the pressure in the cuff around the arm. 
The normal blood pressure is 120/80mmHg. The first number shows the pressure when the heart is in its systolic phase, while the second number is the pressure of the blood vessels when the heart is in its diastolic phase. The units of this measurement are millimeters of mercury]]> 2019-11-22 00:56:40 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415041040 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415047360 When the heart is in its systolic phase, the heart is contracting and pumping out blood, while in its diastolic phase, the heart is relaxed and being filled with blood.]]> 2019-11-22 01:16:43 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415047360 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415047753 When the systolic and diastolic pressure in the blood vessels is too high, it is called hypertension. The pressure would be higher than 140/90mmHg. Hypertension can be caused by many things, including but not limited to smoking, obesity, too much salt, stress, alcohol, and a family history of hypertension. Hypotension is low blood pressure, which is measuerd as 90/60mmHg or lower. This can be caused by family history, loss of blood, dehydration, and other things.]]> 2019-11-22 01:18:02 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415047753 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415049559 2019-11-22 01:24:08 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415049559 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415050075 2019-11-22 01:25:54 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415050075 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415050456 An EKG, or electrocardiogram, is a recording of the heart's electric currents, shown by a line with waves, or noticeable peaks. EKGs have a specific pattern with optimal sizes for each wave. If the waves are larger or smaller than normal, doctors will know something is off. Medical professionals are trained to read and study EKGs to be able to diagnose certain abnormalities, such as agnia, irregular heart beat, or tissue death.]]> 2019-11-22 01:27:18 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415050456 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415051720 There are three main waves in the EKG. The first wave, is the P wave, where the atria depolarizes and the ventricles fill up with blood. Then, the QRS complex occurs, where an impulse runs through the purkinje fibers. Once the impulse is sent through, the ventricles contract, or depolarize. The last portion of the electrocardiogram is the T wave, where the ventricles repolarize.]]> 2019-11-22 01:31:26 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415051720 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415053004 The heart has to somehow be able to contract and relax to allow blood through, which is where the conduction system takes place. First, the SA node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart, sends an impulse to the atria muscles, which causes them to contract. The signal then moves from the SA node to the AV node, the bundle of HIS, or AV bundle, to the bundle branches, and then through the purkinje fibers, which causes the ventricles to contract.]]> 2019-11-22 01:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415053004 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415056999 2019-11-22 01:50:00 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415056999 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415057266 2019-11-22 01:50:55 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415057266 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415057744 Heart rate is the measurement of heart beats. It can easily be measured by finding a pulse and counting the number of beats in a minute. The average adult heart rate is 60-100bpm (beats per minute).]]> 2019-11-22 01:52:35 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415057744 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415058197 A fast heart rate is called tachycardia. It can be caused by common things such as fear, exercise, and stress, but it can also be a symptom of anemia, anxiety, substance abuse, and other serious problems. A slow heart rate is called bradycardia. Some common causes include sleep, a high level of fitness, side effects, of medication, and meditative breathing. Some more serious causes include sleep apnea, problems with the thyroid gland, and substance abuse.]]> 2019-11-22 01:54:05 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415058197 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415059746 There are eight main pulses on the body, two of which are easy to find. The carotid pulse is by the side of the neck, while the radial pulse is on the outside of the wrist, which is the side by the thumb. These two pulses are easily accessible and easily found if a person needs to quickly measure their heartbeat. More pulses are the femoral pulse, by the inner thigh or groin, popliteal pulse, found on the back of the knee, the dorsalis pulse, sound on the top of the foot, the posterior tibial pulse, by the inside of the ankle, the ulnar pulse, which is on the pinky side of the wrist, and the brachial pulse, which is found at the inside of the elbow.]]> 2019-11-22 01:59:02 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415059746 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415065666 2019-11-22 02:22:57 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415065666 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415083360 Cholesterol is a lipoprotein that all body cells need and it is transported through the blood. LDL and HDL help regulate cholesterol in the blood. LDL transports cholesterol to the cells, while HDL removes excess cholesterol from the blood and then moves it to the liver. A balance of HDL and LDL is needed in the body for it to properly function. Technically, there is not good or bad cholesterol, because neither is bad if there is the correct amount of it. Too much cholesterol in the blood can cause a buildup of plaque in the arteries, making blood flow harder. This buildup of plaque in the arteries can lead to heart attacks or even stroke.]]> 2019-11-22 03:32:58 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415083360 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415085487 Familial hypercholesterolemia is a condition where a dominant mutation occurs on chromosome 19, which causes the body to have troubles removing LDL, which can be described as the "bad" cholesterol. This means that problems with coronary artery disease, stroke, and heart attack can occur more often and more easily.]]> 2019-11-22 03:42:15 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415085487 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415086535 Metabolic syndrome is a plethora of symptoms and problems combined together that make the affected person more susceptible to heart attacks, coronary artery disease, stokes, and more conditions concerning the circulatory system. To be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, the person will have to have three or more of the following symptoms: hypertension, high blood sugar, excess fat around waist, low HDL rate, high LDL rate, and a high triglyceride rate.]]> 2019-11-22 03:47:13 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415086535 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415087464 Coronary artery disease is a type of heart disease concerning the coronary arteries. Coronary arteries are the blood vessels located on the outside of the heart that feed blood to the heart. The term coronary artery disease is very broad, but can be treated and diagnosed with a few different procedures and medicines.]]> 2019-11-22 03:51:40 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415087464 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415088111 A myocardial infarction, or a heart attack is where a coronary artery is blocked, also called atherosclerosis, and tissue from the heart begins to die due to deprivation of blood. Mural thrombus can also occur, which is where blood no longer flows, so it clots, making a fibrous tissue. If the heart attack kills off the septum of the heart, the patient is pretty much dead if it ruptures because that is the portion of the heart that separates the two chambers and the two types of blood.]]> 2019-11-22 03:54:30 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415088111 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415089176 An angiogram is a procedure that takes place when there are blockages in the arteries. Basically a needle is put into either the femoral or radial artery and then a small tube, or a catheter, is fed through the artery until it reached the heart. Once it does, an x-ray is prepared and a dye is released that can be seen by an x-ray. The dye will highlight where the blockage is in the heart. From there, a stent will need to be placed to prop open the artery to fix the blockage. On the end of the catheter, there will be a tiny balloon with a mesh stent over it. Once the catheter is fed into the blockage area, the balloon is inflated and then quickly deflated, which will prop open the stent, allowing blood to more easily flow through the blockage. This is a noninvasive surgery, so risks are minimal and recovery is short. Afterwards, the catheter is removed and a bandage is placed over the small incision where the catheter was originally placed. The patient will have to continue to lie down flat on their back for a few hours until the artery is healed so that they do not begin to bleed out. From then on, they will be discharged either the day of the procedure or the day after the procedure, depending on their recovery. The patient will simply have to avoid any heavy lifting or bending for the next two to three days and afterwards, they will be completely fine.]]> 2019-11-22 03:58:59 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415089176 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092394 2019-11-22 04:14:26 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092394 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092591 2019-11-22 04:15:22 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092591 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092828 2019-11-22 04:16:36 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092828 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092938 A coronary artery bypass graft, or CABG is a heart bypass surgery where a blood vessel taken from a non-essential place is attached to the aorta and then to the heart, where the blocked coronary artery would normally supply blood to. The surgery normally takes blood vessels from the arm, chest, or legs, though the chest seems to be the hardest to harvest them from. This surgery is sort of a last effort ditch if the patient will most likely die with any other treatment, but sometimes it is well planned. Because this is open heart surgery, it is obviously very risky and can come with many negative outcomes.]]> 2019-11-22 04:17:18 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415092938 12480644 https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415093983 So far, we have learned that Anna has way too many problems, such as sickle cell anemia, type 1 diabetes, and now coronary artery disease along with familial hypercholesterolemia. Her symptoms are pretty normal for a person with all of these different diseases and her lifestyle. She is tachycardiac, she is experiencing some tingling in her right calf, which is a sign of neuropathy, common in diabetics, she has very high hypertension, a heart murmur, and a slightly above average waist circumference, which hints to her having metabolic disorder. In my opinion, she was going to die someday soon and I think that she was long overdue to meet the grim reaper. Honestly, its a surprise that she made it this far already, so good for her. And I mean, all of these diseases are not to take lightly. All hail the mighty Anna Garcia, who lived longer than most of us expected.]]> 2019-11-22 04:23:38 UTC https://padlet.com/12480644/vlstafetxebf/wish/415093983