Visceral fat releases hormones that interfere with how insulin works.

African Americans and Native Americans used to be very active and hunters.

Fast forward to today many African and Native Americans live in low socio-economic communities, these communities usually only have access to unhealthy foods.

Genetically they both retain body fat longer due to their feast and famine history. Causing that bad visceral fat we spoke about

This video talks about African Americans and Native Americans.

Blood test-GFR, this test how well kidneys are filtering blood. BUN test measures the amount of nitrogen in blood.

Urine- Albumin to creatinine ratio. Albumin in the urine can be an early sign of kidney disease.

Imaging- Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI can help visualize structural damage or blockages.

Biopsy- By taking tissue from the kidneys it can be examined under a microscope. This is usually done when other test are inconclusive.

Sulfonylureas- increase insulin production ($15-$25).

GLP-1 Receptor agonists- Lower blood sugar and promote weight loss ($1000-$2000).

Insulin ($300-$400).

These are prices without insurance.

Avoiding use of medications may lead to worsening of the condition, leading to kidney disease, blood vessel damage, extremitiy neuropothay.

Medications may be required for long term use if a patient is not able to lower sugar levels through diet and exercise.

Most insurance plans cover medications for type 2 diabetes.

A dietitian can help with meal planning and to help with understanding what foods to eat. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires plans to cover nutrition counseling as a preventive medical service.

This treatment can be done at little to no cost with little research. Walking, running, swimming, you can exercise anywhere. Gyms memberships can cost from $10-$100 a month.

Those unable to exercise on their own or need assistance may need assistance from a physical therapist (PT) $50-$350 per session without insurance $20-$75 with.

Insurance will cover cost of physical therapy only if deemed medically necessary since exercising can be done without the help of a physical therapist, usually.

Symptoms that can be treated through these groups include, isolation and stress. Also promotes shared learning.

Medical professionals that can facilitate these groups are clinical social workers, therapist, nurse, nurse practitioner.

CBT can be used to help treat depression, anxiety and diabetes distress.

Medical professionals- Clinical Psychologist, Psychiatrist, licensed mental health counselor.

Foot and hand functional support may be need for patients with T2D. Peripheral neuropathy causes loss of grip strength, along with limited joint mobility.

This treatment would be provided by an Occupational Therapist (OT).

Key barriers to physical activity include muscle and joint pain that comes with aging.

Reason being is because children may inherit genes that makes their body insulin resistance or problems with insulin production. Also, poor eating habits may be passed down to children from parents.

Barriers for children include access to healthy food, cultural factors, and lack of awareness.

Challenge to this is alcohol can be addictive and a hard habit to break.

As with alcohol, Tabacco is also highly addictive and can be hard to quit.

Cost can be a negative or limitation.

If not covered by insurance, for some reason these pumps can be expensive. Other complications include technical issues, uncomfortable or inconvenient, and learning how to troubleshoot when the device is not working properly.

60-Second Risk Test for Type 2 Diabetes| ADA

There are many tests one can find online like the one provided.

This is a preventative measure.

These tests estimate type 2 diabetes risk based on medical history and lifestyle.

Potential drawbacks or limitations to these devices include battery dependency, cost and accessibility and compliance to wearing the bracelet daily.

They manage complex cases of type 2 diabetes.

Target: individuals

Implementation challenges: low participation due to people lacking awareness and motivation.

ACTIVE LIVING

Designing neighborhoods with safe sidewalks, parks, and riding paths to promote movement

Target:Enivornment

Implementation challenges: displacement concerns in low income areas

Target:policy/individual

Implementation challenges: pushback from beverage companies

School- Based Nutrition and Physical Education programs: programs in school setting to educate kids on healthy eating habits and promote movement daily.

Target: individual

Implementation challenges: Budget constraints sc

50% of women of develop gestational diabetes will develop T2D 5-10 years after giving birth given that no preventions are taken.

Also medication can become pricey.  Some of these institutions lack the resources, education  in diabetes, and diabetic specialists. Care sometimes is limited based on the area you live in .