High economic migration and low forced migration

• After the Italian unification in 1871, the southern regions remained poor and underdeveloped compared to the north of Italy

  -> Crop failures, high taxes and lack of industrial jobs worsened living conditions -> led to unable living

• ca. 4-5 million people emigrated primarily to the United States, Argentina, Brazil or other parts of South America / some moved as well to France or Belgium, to work as laborers

--> This represents one of Europes largest economic migrations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Forced migration increased, economic migration decreased

-> Forced migration caused by wars, border changes, and political persecution

-> Around 10 million people were displaced within Europe, civilians fled advancing German troops

->In Eastern Europe, the fighting between Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary drove millions of Poles, Jews and Ukrainians eastward to Russia.

-> The war also triggered movements beyond Europe, soldiers and laborers from Africa and India were brought to Europe to fight or work, the led to new migration flows to the continent

---> The chaos of the World War I marked one of Europe's first major refugee crises

• After 1939: Millions of Jews, Roma, Poles and others were deported or displaced.

  -> civilians fled from advancing armies and bombings (especially in Eastern Europe)

---> The rise of Nazi Germany and the outbreak of the Second World War created one of the most devastating refugee and migration crises in European history

Economic migration increased, forced migration moderate.

---> Economic migration became central to Europe’s recovery.

--> Economic migration were significant for the economic boom in West Germany

• Vietnamese ''Boat people", Following the Vietnam war (ended in 1975) and the communist takeover, thousand of people fled by sea. Many of them wrestled resettled in France, Uk and West Germany, often through international refugee programs.

• Post colonial Africa: In the late 1970s and 1980s refugees and migrants were arriving from former European colonies. E.g. Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia. Many sought asylum in Portugal and France.

• Middle East conflicts: Political instability and wars in the Middle East sent refugees and asylum seekers to Europe, mostly to Sweden and France

  -> Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990)

  -> Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

---> Forced migration increased

Mixed trends -> economic migration steady, forced migration increased

Schengen Agreement (signed in 1985) removed internal border controls, allowing passport free travel across most of the EU

• Yugoslavia disintegrated, wars erupted in Croatia (1991-1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) ans kosovo (1998-1999)

  -> over 4 million people were displaced across the balkans by ethnic cleaning

  -> Around 2.3 million people flew to neighbor counties or Western Europe (mostly to Germany, Austria and Sweden)

---> increasing from the forced migration

Economic and forced migration both very high

• 2004 Enlargement: 10 countries joined the EU (e.g. Poland, Hungary, Estonia etc.)

  -> Citizens of these countries had the right to live and work in other EU member states

• United Kingdom, Ireland and Sweden immediately opened their labor markets

  ->between 2004 and 2009, around 2 million Central and Eastern Europeans move westward to the UK and Ireland

• 2007 Enlargement: Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU. Many Romanians and Bulgarians migrated to Italy and Spain for work opportunities

---> Economic Migration increased rapidly

---> Forced Migration was never before so high

--> Within Weeks - millions of Ukrainians fled the country to escape the war

--> By the end of 2022, almost over 8 Million Ukrainians crossed into the European Union

---> Forced Migration increased again