-The two types of concerto are Solo Concerto and Concerto Grosso. The first one has one soloist with an orchestra, and the second one has several soloist, accompanied by orchestra. 

-The common solo instrument in Baroque are violin, flute, or oboe. Typical Baroque concerto has three movements, usually fast-slow-fast.

•Vivaldi Four Seasons

-Spring: Optimistic, the melody is clear and the repetition is brainwashing me in a delightful way. Start to become emotional in the second movement. Different from ambitious ending from strongly emotional concertos, the music slightly disappear in the end of the third movements, and I think it fits well with Spring.

-Summer: I can feel the tense and the force according to the comparison in the piece.

•Composers

-Bach 

1. Jonas Ambrosius probably taught him basics theory and violin. His uncles were musicians so maybe he got the influences from his uncles. 

2. Specialized in violin, and also clavichord, cello, oboe, bassoon etc.

3. Married to Maria Barbara Bach and Anna Magdalena Bach.

4. He had 20 children. Kids who become composers and famous are Carl Philip Emmanuel,Wilhelm Friedemann, Johann Christoph Friedrich and Johann Christian.

5. Did not get the answer

6. Two eye operations resulted in Bach’s completely blindness which may hastened his death.

7. Did not understand the question

8. The German Bach-Gesellschaft was a society formed in 1850 for the express purpose of publishing the complete works of Johann Sebastian Bach without editorial additions. The collected works are known as the Bach-Gesellschaft-Ausgabe. 

9. I don’t remember when and what was the first piece I played by Bach. I had play three pieces by Bach since I came to IAA. They are all prelude and fugue in different keys.

Bach’s Timeline

https://www.bach-leipzig.de/en/neutral/johann-sebastian-bach-─-chronology

Fugue: 含有多个声部的复调音乐

Fantasia: a musical form based on improvisation (no rules of textbook form)

Toccata:  characteristic of fast-moving passage often with imitative or fugue interludes, rapid runs and arpeggios.

Opera

“Opera is drama presented in music, drama that is sung”

-Where it born: Florence

-First Opera theater: opened in 1637

•New era of individual emotionalism

•Include poetry, drama, music, vocal, dance, stage, etc.

Opera Characteristics

Opera Seria-Serious Opera

-principle type of Italian Baroque Opera

Coloratura singing 花腔

-A type of operatic soprano voice that  specializes in music that is distinguished by different techniques

Castrati/Castrato 阉割男童以保持其女音

-A male singer that had a great vocal range(some up to 4 octaves) produced as a result of castration before puberty

Form in Opera

Recitative 宣叙调

-the part of the opera where the characters exchange dialogue and action through singing

- characteristics: free, speech-like rhythms 

Aria 咏叹调

-the part where the singer will reflect on their feelings after the action of the Recitative has passed

-Clear beat and constant meter

“A cantata is a composition for solo voice(s),  instruments, and chorus, based on a poetic and dramatic narrative text”

The Baroque era in music is conventionally dated between 1600 and 1750. The word Baroque is from “Barroco”which is a kind of pearl.

It’s the age of science and the age of reason and philosophy. How gods play the role? Before the Baroque era, teacher will tell their students trees are green because god made it green. I think what Galileo means is avid would not want us to give up on things he had given us already. Painters use different techniques in their painting during this era. For example, they pay more attention to light, and the spaces becomes more open. It’s also the age of absolute monarchy. We have craft composers and musicians. The main way for living are the church, court, and the opera house. Women were not encouraged to be public artists. The observations about Bach’s concerto for me are delightful, Major, feel like I’m in the garden? Bar lines came into use in 1650. Cello suite: very church, and peaceful. This is the age of invention of the fugue. Violin Concerto in E: 悲壮. Three types of keyboard in Baroque era are Organ, Clavichord, and harpsichord. 

While propounding a revival of the Greek dramatic style, the Camera’s musical experiments led to the development of the stile recitativo. In this way it facilitated the composition of dramatic music and the development of opera.

2. What is the Doctrine of Affections and please provide some musical examples.

Governed musical composition through intervals, key, and tempo. In Baroque, the practice of relating music with various emotions dates back to ancient Greece and the teachings of the temperaments.

3.What is (musical) Rhetoric and why is it important to understand as a musician?

Rhetoric is the study and art of writing and speaking well, being persuasive, and knowing how to compose successful writing and presentations. Rhetoric teaches us the essential skills of advanced learning and higher education. Age of Reason-an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries.