Diagnostic Group Information by https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329 RTH 329 Lisa Savarese en-us 2018-09-05 16:42:29 UTC 2024-05-19 06:26:28 UTC hello@padlet.com Developmental Disability Definition gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283505189 It is a diverse chronic disability attributable to mental impairments, physical impairments, or a combination of both
https://ici.umn.edu/welcome/definition.html

Diagnosis criteria varies by state:
WI- diagnosed with a brain injury, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Intellectual Disability (or similar conditions), epilepsy, and cerebral palsy (do not need all to meet diagnosis)

Citation
Williams, M. E., Wheeler, B. Y., Linder, L., & Jacobs, R. A. (2017). Evolving Definitions of Autism and Impact on Eligibility for Developmental Disability Services: California Case Example. Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, 55(3), 192–209. https://doi-org.libweb.uwlax.edu/10.1352/1934-9556-55.3.192]]> 2018-09-19 15:59:16 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283505189 Autism Spectrum Disorder gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283514180 Definition: is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is diagnosed by behavioral and developmental characteristics with different levels of severity
  • Encompasses previous DSM-IV Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Childhood Dis-integrative Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder 
]]> 2018-09-19 16:14:21 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283514180 Causes of ASD gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283522213 Genetics: 
  • identical twins are more likely to have ASD than fraternal twins
  • if sibling has autism then chances increase to have another sibling with autism 
  • specific genes involved are not located and different manifestations of ASD have different genetic factors 
Neurological Structure and Development
  • is more likely to develop epilepsy
  • have unusual electroencephalograms
    • leads to believe underlying structural difference
  • smaller/fewer Purkinje cells in cerebellum
  • cells tend to be less densely packed in limbic systems
  • frontal cortex cells smaller and more isolated
Environmental Factors
  • not a cause of disorder
    • BUT parents used biomedical treatments to clear body of toxins and cure ASD


]]> 2018-09-19 16:28:04 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283522213 Systems Affected by ASD gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283552126 5 Diagnostic Criteria:
  1. deficits in social communication and social interaction, including social-emotional reciprocity; non-verbal communication behaviors; and developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
  2. restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, including stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech; insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of behavior; highly restricted or fixated interests of abnormal intensity and/or focus; or hyper/hypo reactivity to sensory input
  3. symptoms present during early development
  4. symptoms cause significant functional impairments
  5. criteria requires ruling out other possible explanations for symptoms
3 Severity Levels
  1. Requires support: 
    • social communication cause noticeable impairments in initiating and maintaining social interactions 
    • inflexible behaviors interfere with functioning in one or more situations
  2. Substantial Support:
    •  social communication deficits are apparent when support systems in are in place 
    • repetitive behavior noticeable to casual observer and distress when change occurs
  3. Very Substantial Support: 
    • severe deficits in social communication, limits initiation of interactions and minimal response to others 
    • repetitive behaviors extremely inflexible and inability to change focus markedly interferes with activities

]]> 2018-09-19 17:20:45 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283552126 Secondary Conditions of ASD gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283666803 Common:
  • epilepsy, sleep disorder, hyperactivity, anxiety, depression
Concerning:
  1. Sensory processing dysfunctions
    • over responsitivity: brain inability to inhibit sensations effectively
    • under responsitivity: react less intensely to sensory information
    • sensory seeking: needs more intense sensory input
  2. Cognitive impairment
    • ASD thinks visually rather than linguistically
    • process information slower
    • unable to generalize across situations
  3. Self injurious behavior: self inflicted behavior and causes physical injury to individual
    • 10% exhibit
    • biting hands, head banging, eye gouging, pinching, hitting face
    • abuse towards others

]]> 2018-09-19 22:18:00 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283666803 Treatments for ASD gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283668445 Treatments that interest me include:
  1. Peer Training Package: focuses on teaching children (peers/siblings) without disabilities strategies for facilitating play and social interactions with children on the autism spectrum
    • Best Buddies and Circle of Friends are programs with treatment
  2. Naturalistic Teaching Strategies: provides a stimulating environment, encouraging conversation, milieu teaching, and provides choices and direct/natural reinforcers and rewards for reasonable attempts
  3. Behavioral Package: interventions reduce problem behavior and teach functional alternative behaviors or skills through applications of basic principles of behavior change
  4. Modeling: an adult or peer provides a demonstration of target behavior either live or video taped 
    • can be used with other techniques or on its own
]]> 2018-09-19 22:28:17 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283668445 Intellectual Disability gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283669743 Definition: exhibits significant sub-average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifests during developmental period
  • must be two standard deviations below norm or have an IQ of 70-75 or less
  • has trouble acquiring the same conceptual, social, and practical skills at same age as peers
  • occurs in tandem with diagnoses or as a secondary symptom
]]> 2018-09-19 22:38:05 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283669743 Causes of ID gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283670386 Genetic: chromosome abnormalities inherited from parents
  • errors in combining/grouping of genes
  • damage to genetic material from Xrays
During Pregnancy: drug/alcohol use, malnutrition, illness of mother such as rubella, syphillis, toxoplasmosis, and AIDS
At Birth: oxygen deprivation/birth injuries such as low birth weight and pre-maturity
After Birth: lead/mercury poisoning, near drowning, head injuries, cerebrovascular accidents, shaking baby syndrome,  meningitis, and encephalitis

]]> 2018-09-19 22:43:07 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283670386 Effective RT Interventions for ID gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283671360 Leisure Ability Model:
  1. Functional Intervention: focuses on variety of functional needs (physical, cognitive, emotional social) related to recreation and leisure skills
  2. Leisure Education: focuses on helping clients acquire leisure related attitudes, knowledge and skills based on their individual interests and aims to have clients understand importance of leisure related to a healthy lifestyle
Four Sub-components:
Leisure Awareness
Social Skills
Leisure Activity Skills
Leisure Resources
    3. Recreation Participation:   provides structures activities that allow client to practice newly acquired skills

]]> 2018-09-19 22:50:20 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283671360 TR Take Away gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283674022 ASD Treatments and my Psychology minor.]]> 2018-09-19 23:10:36 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/283674022 Timing of Diagnosis gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286596210 Congenital: born with diagnosis
Acquired: develop diagnosis from accident or over time
Timing of diagnosis is important in understanding your client's needs

]]> 2018-09-27 15:47:30 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286596210 Hearing Loss gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286602426 Causes:
  1. Noise
  2. Aging
  3. Disease
    • 25% due to maternal infections, complications after birth, head trauma
  4. Heredity
    • 25% unknown reasons at birth
    • 50% due to genetics: 1/3 of this group attributed to Down or Usher syndrome
]]> 2018-09-27 15:56:42 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286602426 Types of Hearing Loss gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286607313 Conductive hearing loss: caused by something that stops sound from getting through the outer or middle ear
Sensorineural hearing loss: occurs when there is a problem in the way the inner ear or hearing nerve works
Mixed hearing loss: includes both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder: occurs when sound enters the ear normally but because damage to inner ear or the hearing nerve sound isn't organized in a way that the brain can understand]]> 2018-09-27 16:04:49 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286607313 Degrees of Hearing Loss gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286612569 Mild hearing loss: may hear some speech sounds but soft are hard to hear
Moderate hearing loss: may hear almost no speech when another person is talking at a normal level
Severe hearing loss: hear no speech when a person is talking at a normal level and hears only some loud sounds
Profound hearing loss: will not hear any speech and only very loud sounds]]> 2018-09-27 16:13:22 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286612569 Visual Impairments and Blindess gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286621619 Visual acuity: a standard measurement to recognize an individuals ability to see
20/20: considered normal vision, means can see small details at 20 ft away
20/50: means person would see same details at 20 ft away that the normal (20/20) would see at 50 ft away]]> 2018-09-27 16:29:00 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286621619 Causes of Visual Impairments gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286624861 Ocular visual impairments: caused by diseases or conditions affecting the eye
Diseases include:
  • Refractive errors: near-sightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia
  • Age-related macular degeneration: reading and close up vision as ages
  • Cataract: clouding of eye's lens
  • Diabetic retinopathy: complication of diabetes mellitus cause blindess
  • Glaucoma: damage to optic nerver occurs from pressure
  • Amblyopia: brain and eye don't work together and causes reduced vision "lazy eye"
  • Strabismus: imbalancae of positioning of two eyes cause lack of coordination between eyes
  • Visual field impairments: visual neglect, field loss
  • Quality of vision impairments: night blindness, photophobia, color blindness, floaters, stray lights
Coritcal visual impariments: are caused by injury or structural differences in the brain
CVI diagnosed when
  1. eye exam that is normal or cannot explain the dgree of diminished functional vision
  2. a history of significant congenital or acquired brain injury or neurological disorder
  3. the presence of unique visual behaviors associated with CVI
]]> 2018-09-27 16:34:24 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286624861 RT Interventions for Hearing Loss and Visual Impairments gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286639627 Hearing Loss
Functional skills: focus on communication, social skills, and relationships
Education, Training, Counseling: Domestic life skills, money management, job skills, interpersonal skills, advanced self-care skills, leadership, leisure skills, meal prep and cooking
Community Integration: programs offered through parks and rec departments to inform client on recreation resources and opportunities
Visual Impairment
Functional skills: orientation mobility, self-care, communication, reading, leisure skills, facilitators and barriers
Education, Training, Counseling: inform client on Americans with Disabilities Act, leisure counseling, lifestyle, adaptive technology, compensatory strategies, assertiveness training
Community Integration: teach clients how to maneuver through the community, safety and equipment information

]]> 2018-09-27 17:00:19 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286639627 TR Take Away gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286667527 2018-09-27 17:48:43 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/286667527 Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291019631 1 of 9 types of muscular dystrophy: degeneration of muscles caused by defects in a perons' genes
Definition of DMD: caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact
  • commonly found in males
  • signs begin earlier than 5 years old
  • primarily affects upper arms and upper legs
    • also brain, throat, heart, diaphragm/chest muscles, stomach, intestines, spine
https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy

]]> 2018-10-09 22:24:41 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291019631 Cerebral Palsy gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291021279 Definition: describes a group of symptoms and neurological disorders that appear in early childhood and infancy
  • physical and cognitive impairments present
  • non-progressive damage to the cerebellum and basal ganglia that control movement and coordination
    • also affects muscle tone, endurance, strength and speech
Types of CP
  1. Spastic CP: 70-80% of all people with CP, muscles are stiff and can be permanently contracted, muscles are tight and tone is increased, further classified by limbs affected
  2. Athetoid or dyskinetic CP: 10-20% of all people with CP, slow uncontrolled movements usually in extremeties and face, low muscle tone, frequently dysarthia: difficulty coordinating the muscles needed for speech, intelligence rarely affected in this type
  3. Ataxic CP: 5-10% of all people with CP, balance and depth perception most affected, poor coordination, unsteady wide-based gait
  4. Mixed CP: combination of the above
Types are Further Classified by area affected:
  1. Diplegia: only legs
  2. Hemiplegia: only half of body is impacted, usually one side of body in both extremities
  3. Quadriplegia: both upper and lower extremities are impacted, may also include facial and trunk muscles
]]> 2018-10-09 22:36:48 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291021279 Symptoms of CP gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291024446 General Symptoms: 
  • ataxia: poor muscle coordination
  • poor muscle control
  • spasticity: continuous contracting of muscle causing tightness and lack of movement, or tight muscles
  • atypical gait (scissoring particularly with spastic) 
  • drooling
  • swallowing/eating difficulties
  • speech impairments in clarity and articulation
  • difficulty with fine motor tasks
  • toe walking
  • atypical muscle tone (too high/too low)
  • involuntary movements or tremors
Secondary Problems of CP:
Intellectual disability: most common with CP, 40-67% have with CP
Epilepsy or seizures: 35-50% have with CP
Behavioral problems: 25% of CP have ADHD, ADD, oppositional defiance disorder, hyperactivity
Learning disabilities: 40% have with CP
Sensory impairments: hearing and vision impairments differ by age group in percentage
Feeding/malnutrition difficulties: choking, long feeding time, need for gastric tube, under weight, sucking problems, swallowing, and silent aspiration
Lung problems: 33% experience a pulmonary infection in a six-month period
Chronic pain: pain commonly found in back, foot, ankle, knee, shoulder, and headaches
Autism: occurs in 9% of CP
Other CP terms to know:
Contracture: a condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints.
Osteopenia: a condition that occurs when the body doesn't make new bone as quickly as it reabsorbs old bone


]]> 2018-10-09 22:56:50 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291024446 RT Interventions for CP gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291505230 Functional Skills
  • Exercise/stretching/fitness
  • Aquatic therapy
  • Hippotherapy: the use of a horse as a part of an integrated treatment strategy
  • Therapeutic horseback riding: conducted by non therapy riding instructors
  • Therapeutic massage
Education, Training, Counseling:
  • Adaptive sports
  • Accessibility, advocacy, removal of barriers
  • Mobile devices as adaptive equipment
  • Leisure and health education to prevent secondary disability to improve quality of life
  • Relaxation and coping skills
Community Integration and Inclusion:
  • Social skills and inclusion: access and being apart of play with others, feeling like a participant, making and keeping friends
  • Participation and inclusion: improve social skills, friendship, community skills, creative expression, sense of meaning, mobility management, assistive technology, self esteem, accessibility
  • Advocacy skills: attitude of administrators, instructors, and coaches towards inclusion influences successful participation of client
Health Promotion
  • Adaptive sports
  • Animal-assisted therapy
  • Volunteerism: meaningful work
  • Camping programs: provides feeling of sense of community

]]> 2018-10-10 23:18:41 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/291505230 Spinal Cord Injury gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/292009010 Definition: when the spinal cord is damaged as a result of trauma, disease, or disorder
Classified by
  • level of injury
  • type of injury
Types of SPI
  • tertraplegia: injury of C1-C8
    • complete vs incomplete
  • paraplegia:  injury of T1-S5
    • complete vs incomplete
]]> 2018-10-12 02:13:24 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/292009010 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299639548 PTSD: anxiety disorder that comes from traumatic events
Causes: surviving a traumatic event or injury, witnessing other persons being injured or killed, sudden unexpected death of a loved one, loss of job/home, terrorist incidents, rape, life threatening event
Systems Affected: mood and ability to cope effectively with ongoing stressful events, social functioning, cognitive difficulties
Symptoms: diminished interest in significant activities, recurring distressing recollections and/or dreams of the event, feeling separate from others, negative beliefs concerning the future
Secondary Problems: agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, major depressive disorder, somatization disorder, substance related disorders

]]> 2018-11-02 01:04:19 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299639548 Schizophrenia gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299644227
Five Categories of Symptoms:
  1. Delusions: beliefs that the client will not change even though they are contradicted by evidence in the current situation
  2. Hallucinations: vivid perceptions of something that is occurring in the real world even though nothing in the environment is causing the perception
  3. Disordered thinking and speech: to be considered disordered it must impair communication, also memory functions
  4. Motor Behavior: when behaviors interfere with activities of daily living or goal-directed behaviors
  5. Negative Symptoms: determined when something seems to be missing from the person with SSD
Systems Affected:
Cognitive: delusion, disordered thinking/speech, perceptual functioning
Emotional: negative symptoms cause blunted or flattened affect
Social: lack of motivation to socialize, empathize, communication abilities bad

]]> 2018-11-02 01:30:22 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299644227 Major Depressive Disorder gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299648600 MDD: ranges in intensity mild to severe, manifests as a single occurrence or as recurrent condition, diverse symptoms, lasts at least two weeks
Must have 5 of these Symptoms:
  • depressed mood most of day, nearly every day
  • diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activities, nearly every day
  • significant unintentional increase or decrease in weight or appetite
  • lack of sleep or sleeping excessively, nearly every day
  • psychomotor changes noticed by others (agitation or sluggishness)
  • fatigue of guilt and/or worthlessness, nearly every day
  • diminished cognitive abilities, nearly every day
  • recurrent thoughts of death
Systems Affected: significant diminished quality of life, lost work productivity, cognitive and emotional impairment, impact relationships, basic self care neglected, less energy
Secondary Problems: co-occurs with physical and mental health conditions such as anxiety, dementia, personality disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse
]]> 2018-11-02 01:58:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299648600 Generalized Anxiety Disorder gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299651636 GAD: anxiety disorder defined by excessive and uncontrollable worry about everyday things more days than not for at least 6 months
Systems Affected: mental functions such as mood, cognition, social functioning, motor functioning, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, autonomic nervous system]]> 2018-11-02 02:17:03 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/299651636 Gambling Disorder gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302376054 Why is it considered an addiction?
Gambling affects the brain reward system in a way that is similar to substance abuse
Causes: a mixture of social, biological, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, family factors; depends of the view point of the practitioner
Systems Affected: occupational and social functioning
Secondary Problems: criminal behavior, financial troubles, affective antisocial behaviors, substance related disorders, suicide

]]> 2018-11-08 23:55:40 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302376054 Eating Disorders gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302379263 Anorexia Nervosa: refusal to maintain body wright at or above minimally normal weight for height, body type, age, and activity level; intense fear of weight gain or being fat; feeling fat or overweight despite dramatics weight loss; extreme concern with body weight and shape; loss of menstrual periods with women
Bulimia Nervosa: recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in a short period of time, often secretly, without regard to feelings of hunger or fullness, and to the point of feeling out of control while eating; following these binges with some form of purging or compensatory behavior to make up for excessive calories taken in, which might include self-induced vomiting, laxative or diuretic abuse, fasting, and/or obsessive or compulsive exercise; and extreme concern with body weight and shape
Binge-Eating Disorder: similar to bulimia nervosa, but no purging and compensatory behaviors
Pica: persistent eating of nonfood or non-nutritive substances that is developmentally inappropriate and is not supported by any particular cultural or social practice
Causes: wide variety of genetic and environmental causes; genetics biological issues, psychological or interpersonal issues, social.societal issues, cultural issues, obesity prevention program
Secondary Problems: cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, brain damage, osteoporosis, infertility, and death]]> 2018-11-09 00:14:06 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302379263 Substance-Related Disorders gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302381489 Causes: familial, social or cultural factors, personality factors, cognitive factors, genetic factors, biological factors
Systems Affected: type, quantity, frequency and route of administration of substance influence impact; medical, emotional, and physical health and level of tolerance also have an impact
Secondary Problems: others are affected, concurrent disorder or dual diagnosis: anxiety, ADHD, mental/mood disorders, psychosis]]> 2018-11-09 00:29:39 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302381489 TR Take Away gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302382561 2018-11-09 00:36:47 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/302382561 Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/305072529 Definition: a disease that affects the arteries in and around the brain
Sudden signs and symptoms of CVA: FAST
Face drooping- one side of a persons face is numb or droops, ask them to smile and make observations about asymmetries
Arm weakness- one arm is numb or weak, ask them to raise both arms without having one of them drift down
Speech difficulty- the person is having slurred speech or is unable to speak, have the person repeat a simple sentence like "the grass is green"
Time to call 911- the person is exhibiting any of these signs get the person to the hospital right away
Left vs Right CVA
Left: right hemiplegia, language of deficits, slow and cautious behavior
Right: left hemiplegia, visual deficits, quick and impulsive behavior style
Causes of CVA: 3 Problems with the Vascular System
  1. a blood clot in the brain that blocks blood flow
  2. blood clot somewhere else in the vascular system and travels to the brain
  3. hemorrhage and is caused by weakened blood vessels and increased blood pressure
Systems Affected
Different cerebral functions: motor, sensory, cognitive, language, and visual functions
Secondary Problems
inactivity, lack of independence and participation, post-stroke depression, and emotional liability
]]> 2018-11-15 23:51:51 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/305072529 Traumatic Brain Injury gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/305078883 Definition: a form of acquired brain injury that occurs from a direct trauma to the brain
Classifications
Mild: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 13-15 and symptoms of headache, fatigue, seep disturbance, irritability, sensitivity to noise or light, balance problems, decreased concentration or attentions, decreased speed of thinking, memory problems, nausea, blurry vision, dizziness, depression, anxiety, emotional mood swings, and/or seizures
Moderate: GCS of 8-12 and symptoms of loss of consciousnesses, along with persistent confusion and functional impairments in one or more of the cognitive, physical, emotional or behavioral domains
Severe: GCS score of less than 8 and symptoms of prolonged state of unconsciousness or coma
Systems Affected
Any part of the brain; common changes are
  • Physical: weakness, muscle and coordination problems, balance difficulties, and or fatigue
  • Cognitive: impairments in attention and arousal, initiation, memory, problem solving, judgement, organization, reasoning, insight, reading, language, new learning, and confabulation
  • Emotional/Behavioral: difficulty with social skills, inappropriate or self-centered behavior, dis-inhibited behavior, and other emotional-behavior such as depressions and anxiety
Secondary Problems
similar to the functionl changes; anoxic injury, hypoxic injury, cranial nerve dysfunction, edema, hematomas, hydrocephalus, heterotopic ossification, seizures
]]> 2018-11-16 00:29:00 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/305078883 Types of Geriatric Syndromes gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306866698 Pressure Ulcer: prolonged constant pressure on low fat and  low muscle areas, cutting off flow of oxygenated blood to this skin and damaging cells thus the skin begins to breakdown and die from the inside out
Incontinence: the loss of bladder control https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/symptoms-causes/syc-20352808
Delirium:  1 of the 5 neurocognitive disorder classifications, requires a deficit in attention and an additional deficit in cognition found in any of the other domains
Dementia: is not a specific disease, but an overall term that describes a group of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia

]]> 2018-11-21 23:09:59 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306866698 Alzheimers Disease gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306867849 Definition:  progressive deterioration of high cognitive functioning like memory and problem solving
Predominant age: split into early onset and late onset early being before the age of 65 this is uncommon but possible, late onset is after the age of 65 where it is more common. 
  • every five years after 65 the chances of the disease double
  •  By 2025 it is estimated 7.1 million people the age of 65 will have Alzheimer's, that is a 40% increase from the 2013 census
Causes: Plaque builds up in the brain killing brain cells, this slowly diminishes the persons ability to complete everyday tasks and function properly
Systems Affected: DSM-5 describes six domains affected, complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual motor abilities and social cognition
]]> 2018-11-21 23:21:13 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306867849 Lewy Body Neurocognitive Disorders gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306868262 Two Related Diagnoses: It refers to both Parkinson's disease NCD and NCD with Lewy bodies. The onset of theses diseases are different but both come to form the same changes in the brain and cognitive deficits. Treatment is gradual and fluctuates but patients are met with reoccurring visual hallucinations, rapid eye movement, sleep disorders and severe neuroleptic sensitivity]]> 2018-11-21 23:25:43 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306868262 Recreation Therapy Approaches for NCD gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306868545 Farrington Leisure Interest Inventory: used to increase participation of people with NCD
Neurodevelopmental Sequencing Program: a conceptual framework to design and implement a program
  • to properly initiate the start of treatment patients need to be put into programs with people who share the same qualities in personality and age also the severity and stages of the disorders to ensure the the best participation and enjoyment of the program
  • meaningful activities for people with NCDs promote well-being and prevent excess disability
  • results of treatment need to e measurable to attain essential feedback bout the effectiveness of the intervention
Functional Skills: TR approach addresses functional skills in all domains
  • skills will be determined by person's level of physical, social, and mental functioning
  • the zone: when balance of skills and challenge is achieved this is where optimal activity occurs
Education, Training, Counseling: home-based excessive programs combined with behavioral management training highly and education programs are effective
Community Integration: involving community exercise programs with clients provides better outcome than caregiver associated interventions
Health Promotion: sensory stimulation, leisure stress reduction techniques, animal therapy or miscellaneous recreation activities based on personal needs increases the possibility of benefits
]]> 2018-11-21 23:28:42 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306868545 NCD and Family gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306869623 https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/neurocognitive-disorder-as-a-family-illness-2471-2701-1000158.php?aid=93513
Family members may become care-givers, many responsibilities cause this already heartbreaking experience to become even harder
Difficulties of being a family member and care-giver
  • the role of care-giver is unexpected and may lead to the care-giver to forget about their own needs
  • causes the care-giver to pass through many emotions all the time
  • care-giving affects the psychological and physical state, the relationship, the productivity of labor
  • it requires training and adaptinng a self-care attitude
  • education of the disease may be difficult
]]> 2018-11-21 23:38:55 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306869623 TR Take Away gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306872564 2018-11-22 00:06:59 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/306872564 Diabetes gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309093667 Definition: a complex disease that occurs when insulin production is too low or lacking completely or when the body is unable to effectively use the insulin it produce because of deficits in the insulin receptors 
  • the result is that the body does not metabolize carbohydrates, protein or fat correctly, leading to severe complications and death if it is not treated
Type 1 diabetes (T1D): develops when the body’s immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells that make insulin 
  • insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 
  • juvenile-onset diabetes
  • primarily occurs in children and young adults
Type 2 diabetes (T2D): the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells cannot use the insulin properly so there is a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream 
  • non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 
  • adult-onset diabetes
  •  most common form accounting for 90-95% of diabetes cases
Causes:
T1D: caused by an autoimmune disease that attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas 
  • predominantly hereditary 
  • environmental factors such as viruses, infections and foods are thought to trigger the autoimmune disease

T2D: caused by genetic, personal and environmental factors
  1. Genetic:
    •  African Americans, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Pacific Islanders of American descent, and Hispanic/Latinos have a higher
    •  risk having a parent or a sibling with T2D will increase risk 
  2. Personal: 
    • causes are obesity, being middle-aged, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, bad cholesterol levels, polycystic ovary syndrome, prediabetes, acanthosis nigricans, and a history of cardiovascular disease
    •  women who give birth to a baby over nine pounds or have a history with GD have a higher risk
  3. Environmental: viruses, infections and foods can trigger disease
Secondary Problems: all problems depend on the severity of the disease
5 secondary problems are: 
  1. Hypertension: 2/3 of adults with diabetes have high blood pressure 
  2. Heat Disease and stroke: leading cause of diabetes-related deaths, twice as likely to have heart disease or stroke if diabetic 
  3. Blindness: 1/3 of individuals 40 years and older with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy 
  4. Kidney disease: diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, it accounts for about 45% of all new cases 
  5. Amputations: more than 60% of non-traumatic lower extremity  amputations are due to diabetes 
]]> 2018-11-28 23:59:25 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309093667 Multiple Sclerosis gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309100671 Definition: an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the central nervous system; the body’s own defense system attacks the fatty substance (myelin) that surround and protects the nerve fibers of the brain, optics nerves, and spinal cord; scar tissue develops over the nerve fiber in place of the myelin

4 Possible Disease Courses of MS
  1. Relapsing-remitting (RRMS): MS symptoms flare up (exacerbate) and then subside exacerbations last for days to weeks total or partial recovery between flare ups 
    • 85% of people with MS begin with this course most common type 
  2. Secondary-progressive (SPMS): exacerbations become steadily progressive and only partial recovery is achieved with each exacerbation 
    • percentages for this course are lower now due to disease modifying drugs 
  3. Primary-progressive (PPMS): a steady progression of symptoms without signs of remitting 
    • 10% of people with MS begin with this course 
  4. Progressive-relapsing (PRMS): a steady progression of symptoms with obvious acute attacks 
    • 5% of people with MS begin with this course
Systems Affected: any system directly related to the CNS has the possibility of being affected; course, symptoms, and severity of MS varies person to person and day to day; 
  • Primary symptoms are a direct result of demyelination: weakness, numbness, tingling, tremor, visual problems, pain, paralysis, poor balance, bowel and bladder infection, slurred speech, decline in cognitive functioning, and dysphagia
  • MS Symptoms Aggravated By:
    1. Heat: causes the myelin to conduct electricity less efficiently, Uhthoff’s symptom is an increase in blurry vision due to heat, symptoms disappear with the heat 
    2. Fatigue: an EXTREME fatigue, causes other symptoms to get worse, it affects motivation and the ability to perform daily activities and recreation and leisure 
    3. Stress: poorly controlled stress levels and stressful events causes exacerbations 

]]> 2018-11-29 00:45:52 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309100671 Heart Disease gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309115799 Definition: is an umbrella term that includes a range of medical conditions that involve the heart in one way or another
 Most Frequently Seen Heart Conditions: 
  1. Blood vessel diseases (cardiovascular disease): narrowed, blocked, or stiffened blood vessels that impair circulation 
    • symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, pain, numbness, weakness, or feelings of coldness in extremities
  2.  Heart arrhythmias: an abnormal heartbeat, which can be quick , slow, or irregular 
    • symptoms include fluttering in the chest, racing heartbeat, slow heartbeat, chest pain, shortness of breath, vertigo, feeling lightheaded, and fainting 
  3. Congenital heart defects: structural problems of the heart or major blood vessels 
    • over 18 types of congenital heart defects 
    • defects usually seen in babies symptoms 
    • depend on abnormality of defect 
    • common symptoms include pale gray or blue skin, swelling in hands, ankles, feet, abdomen, or areas around the eyes shortness of breath during feedings leading to poor weight gain; tiring easily; and excess fluid in the heart or lungs
  4.  Cardiomyopathy: thickening and stiffening of the heart muscle
    •  symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling of legs, ankle, or feet, bloating of the abdomen, fatigue, irregular heartbeats that feel rapid or pounding, vertigo, feeling of lightheadedness and fainting
  5.  Heart infections: symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, swelling in the legs or abdomen, heart rhythm changes, dry or persistent cough, and skin rashes or unusual spots 
    • 3 Types of Infections:
      1. Pericarditis: infection of the tissue surrounding the heart
      2. Myocarditis: infection of the muscular middle layer of the heart walls
      3. Endocarditis: infection of the inner membrane that separates the chambers and heart valves 
  6. Valvular heart disease: functions of one or more heart valves are damaged leading to narrowing, leaking or improper closing 
    • symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat or heart murmur, swollen feet or ankles, chest pain and fainting
Secondary Problems: vary depending on the type of heart disease 
  • General problems are: 
    • 20-30% of people with congenital heart defects have other physical, developmental, or cognitive disorders 
    • 5-10% of people with cardiac problems have anxiety disorders
    • 10-15% have mood disorders 
    • the risk of depression is up to 25% for people who have cardiovascular disease and diabetes 
    • sexuality activity may be contraindicated due to increase stress on the cardiovascular system 
    • other related problems are lack of physical activity, obesity, and back pain 
    • affects recreation and leisure opportunities and participation


]]> 2018-11-29 02:11:43 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309115799 Cancer gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309121618 Definition: generic name given to a group of more than 100 diseases where abnormal cells divide and grow out of control, as it advances the cancer cells invade other parts of the body (metastasize) 
  • the location of the cancer determines the name of the cancer
Secondary Problems of Treatment for Cancer: varies depending on the treatment chosen, the client’s age and health, and the individual’s response to the specific treatment 
  • people with advanced cancer often experience a greater number of physical, emotional, and spiritual symptoms including pain, dyspnea, constipation, fatigue, poor sleep, anxiety, depression, and grief 
  • 3 Most Invasive Treatments: 
    1. Surgery: complications include pain, partially collapsed lung, blood clots, fatigue, muscle atrophy, anesthesia effects, confusion, delirium, and infection 
    2. Chemotherapy: effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, mouth sores, and low blood cell counts that increase risk for infection, bleeding, bruising, and anemia
    3. Radiation: effects include skin irritation and fatigue
5 Stages of Cancer
  • Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ
  •  Stage I, II, and III: higher numbers indicate more extensive disease, as seen by larger tumor size and spread of the cancer beyond the organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or tissues or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor 
  • Stage IV: cancer has spread to different tissues or organs

]]> 2018-11-29 02:47:49 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309121618 TR Takeaway gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309626872 2018-11-30 02:44:07 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/309626872 Emily Everson gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312092692 Check email for video
Emily Everson is 16 years old and was diagnosed at 6 years old with epilepsy. I chose to do sports as a possible recreation and leisure activity because Emily is wearing a jersey in her video. I have chose to gear the video towards the parents who have children with epilepsy that have shown a interest in participating in sports.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IC1GWmv2fw
Resource
Kheng Seang Lim. (2010). Sports
and safety in epilepsy. Neurology Asia, 15(S1), 25–27. Retrieved from https://libweb.uwlax.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=asn&AN=53422588&site=ehost-live&scope=site]]> 2018-12-07 01:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312092692 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312108215 Definition: is a condition that makes it difficult to breath
Two Types
  1. Emphysema: the walls of the alveoli begin to break down and the lung loses its elasticity; instead of having many small alveoli there are only a few large air sacs 
  2. Chronic bronchitis: is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes with an increase in mucus and mucus secreting cells
Causes
  • Primary cause is smoking 
    • accounts for 85-90% of cases 
  • air allergens such as prolonged exposure to fumes, chemicals, or secondhand smoke 
  • rare cases it can be caused by alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency 
Secondary Problems
  • Limits work ability, physical ability, household chores, sleeping, social activities, and family activities
  • More susceptible to respiratory infections, pulmonary hypertension, heart problems, lung cancer, and depression 
  • Poor nutrition, poor muscle strength and endurance, skeletal disease such as decreased bone density, psychosocial issues, and sensory problems


]]> 2018-12-07 03:37:55 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312108215 Rheumatoid Arthritis gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312110968 Definition: chronic disease that involves inflammation of the lining of the joints, causing joint damage, chronic pain, loss of function, and possibly permanent disability
Three Stages
  1. First stage: is the swelling of the synovial lining, causing pain, warmth, stiffness, redness, and swelling around the joint 
  2. Second stage: is the rapid division and growth of cells, which causes the synovium to thicken 
  3. Third stage: the inflamed cells release enzymes that may digest bone and cartilage, often causing the involved joint to lose its shape and alignment leading to increase pain and loss of movement
Causes
  • Genetic factors: specific genes may play a role in whether a person develops RA and how severe the disease will become 
  • Environmental factors: a virus, bacterium or mycobacterium may trigger the disease process, the exact agent is unknown 
  • Hormones: deficiencies or changes in certain hormones may promote the development of RA in genetically susceptible clients who have been exposed to an environmental triggering agent
Systems Affected 
  • Musculosketal system: primarily affects wrist joints and finger joints closest to the hand, can also affect the neck, shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, ankles, and feet; presents itself in a symmetrical pattern meaning that it affects the same joints on the right and left sides 
  • Anemia: creates a decrease in the normal number of red blood cells 
  • Depression: most people with RA experience depression, anxiety and or feelings of hopelessness
  • Fatigue: fatigue is sometimes the first sign of inflammation of the joints and one of the most common symptoms of RA 
  • Functional limitations: 40% of people with RA report its very difficult to perform activities of daily living; limitations in ability to stoop, bend, or kneel, impaired range of motion 
  • Inflammation: synovium thickens in joints causing the joint to swell and the cartilage to get damaged along with the ends of the bones 
  • Joint deformity: commonly seen in fingers, impacts gripping strength and hand function 
  • Malaise: a feeling of illness, is a non-specific symptom associated with all infectious, metabolic, or systematic diseases 
Secondary Problems
  • Bone loss: women are two to three times more likely to have RA and women with RA are at an increased risk of bone loss and fracture in areas with RA, medications for RA can cause significant bone loss, bone loss can result in inactivity, further increasing osteoporosis
  •  Cardiopulmonary endurance: decreased involvement in cardiopulmonary conditioning due to primary and secondary symptoms 
  • Muscle atrophy: loss of muscle strength is often a consequence of decreased activity levels 
  • Life tasks: joints become tender and painful during and after excessive use, impacting the client’s ability to perform life tasks 
  • Psychological changes: depression, anxiety, and feelings pf helplessness are common in clients who live with any chronic disease 
  • Sexual dysfunction: pain, limited range of motion, resultant inflammation from activity, limited endurance, and psychological changes can affect the client’s desire to participate in sexual activity



]]> 2018-12-07 03:59:03 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312110968 Epilepsy gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312115061 Definition: a medical condition that affects brain neurons and causes abnormal signals, when abnormal signals cause a brief, strong surge of electrical activity that affects a portion or all of the brain it is called a seizure 
  • having a seizure doesn’t mean that a person has epilepsy, only when a person has had two or more unprovoked seizures is she/he diagnosed with epilepsy
Focal vs. Generalized
  • Focal seizure: also know as partial seizure, these begin in a localized area of the brain, labeled by the are of the brain they occur 
    • Simple focal seizure: individuals remain conscious but experience unusual feelings or sensations, can experience sudden and unexplainable emotions and unrealistic heightening of their senses
    •  Complex focal seizure: individuals experience altered consciousness, may be dreamlike and lasts a few seconds; may display strange, repetitious behaviors called automatisms such as blinks, twitches, or mouth movements, or may experience auras (unusual sensations that warn them of seizure) 
  • Generalized seizures: are result of abnormal neuronal activity that occurs in more than one area of the brain, they may cause loss of consciousness, falls, or muscle spasms 
    • Absence seizures: also referred to as petite mal seizures, a momentary loss of consciousness of just a few seconds usually with not other symptoms, muscle may jerk or twitch and at times individuals seem to just stare in to space, may lead to individual not knowing that are not having a seizure only knowing they have lost time 
    • Tonic seizures: cause stiffening of the back, leg, and arm muscles 
    • Clonic seizures: cause repetitive, rhythmic jerks that involve both side of the body at the same time
    •  Myoclonic seizures: jerks or twitches of the upper body, arms, or legs are typical of these seizures 
    • Atonic seizures: cause a loss of normal muscle tone, which often results in a fall 
    • Tonic-clonic seizures: also referred to as grand mal seizures, a typical symptom includes stiffening of the body and repeated jerks of the arms and/or legs as well as loss of consciousness
Status epilepticus: a potentially life threatening condition in which a person either has an abnormally prolonged seizure or does not fully regain consciousness between seizures; prolonged seizure is one lasting longer than 5 minutes, people with epilepsy have an increased risk of dying suddenly and this is poorly understood within the field of medicine

]]> 2018-12-07 04:39:10 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312115061 gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312117263 2018-12-07 05:10:55 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/312117263 Citations gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/314917327 Porter, H. (2015). Recreational
therapy for specific diagnoses and conditions (Idyll Arbor's recreational therapy practice series). Enumclaw, WA: Idyll Arbor.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2015). Abnormal psychology (7th ed., pp. 260-266). United States: McGraw-Hill Create.]]> 2018-12-15 20:27:50 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/314917327 Borderline Personality Disorder gaines_teya https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/314921043 Definition: Is a serious psychiatric illness; most often characterized by pervasive instability in interpersonal relationship, moods, and self-image combined with marked impulsivity; a dramatical-emotional personality disorder

Symptoms: tend to appear in transient dissociative states; out-of-control emotions, inability to regulate mood, unstable interpersonal relationships, high reactivity to real or imagine abandonment, and impulsivity; 
  • Splitting: describes their symptoms as an effect of only seeing themselves and others as either all good or all bad
Causes: exact cause unknown but factors and theories exist 
  • Genetic Factors: 70% inherited, reported to be almost five times more common among first-degree biological relatives than general populace
  • Ethnicity Factors: colored people more likely to have disorder; Hispanics more likely to develop when compared to African Americans 
  • Socioeconomic Factors: being in a lower class and poorer household increases chance 
  • Theories: childhood history of neglect, abuse, or separation increase the risk; environmental stressors may trigger the onset of the disorder
Secondary Problems: tend to have an accompanying disorder such as depression and alcohol and drug abuse; suicide attempts and threats; self-destruction and self-mutilation; inability to define oneself in a positive manner
  • 75% of people diagnosed attempt suicide and 10% die from it
Systems Affected: 
  • Brain: found genetic cognitive impairments; smaller volume of the amygdala and abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex; 
  • Emotional Health: compromised due to the individual’s inability to regulate emotion or mood, identity disturbance, impulsivity, chronic feelings of emptiness, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger, and recurring suicidal behavior
  • Relationships: unstable relationships with family, friends, coworkers due to their difficulty with mood stability, aggression, and fear of loss
Treatments: 
  • Dialectical Behavioral Therapy: pairs two opposing concepts such as rational thinking and emotional thinking with the objective of achieving interpersonal effectiveness; focuses on teaching and helping clients gain skills towards problem solving, regulating emotions, correct autonomous thinking and creating a positive sense of self 
  • Psychodynamic Therapy: employs three major perspectives such as ego psychology, object relations, and self-psychology; TWO TYPES:
    1. Transference-focused Therapy: uses the relationship between themselves and the client to develop a realistic and healthier understanding of themselves and their interpersonal relationships 
    2. Mentalization-based Therapy: believe client they has a fundamental difficulty with understanding the mental states of themselves and others because of traumatic experiences and poor attachment to care givers; use the relationship they build with the client to provide validation and support ultimately showing the patient alternatives to the all bad or all good self-mindset 
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: involves focusing the attention on a set of dysfunctional automatic thoughts or imagine beliefs and learning and practicing new non-maladaptive behaviors 
  • Cognitive Therapy: use Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS); a group intervention that challenges irrational thoughts and behaviors by addressing self-management and problem-solving techniques 
  • Pharmacology: uses are varied and includes the use of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotic agents; not as effective as therapies




]]> 2018-12-15 21:34:24 UTC https://padlet.com/gaines_teya/RTH329/wish/314921043