Mussolini; Rise and Fall of the Fascist Italy by anie szudarek

1861: Formation of an independent Italy

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After many decades of struggle against the Austrian Empire, the Risorgimento nationalist movement succeeded in creating a unified and independent Italy.

1870: Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy

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Rome and what was left of the Papal States were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy because of a plebiscite the following October. This marked the definitive end of the Papal States.

1934-1937; Abyssinian Crisis

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It was a time of aggression between Ethiopia and Italy. It marked the department of Italy in the League of Nations.

1896: Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa (Adwa)

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The Italians hoped to surprise the sleeping Ethiopians by attacking them in the morning but instead faced a fully awake and prepared force. In the ensuing battle, the Italians lost about 7,000 troops and lost the battle.

1911: Italy invades and takes over Libya

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Italian government troops invaded Libya and, and captured Tripoli from Turkish troops.

1936, May 22nd; Rome-Berlin Treaty signed

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Start of the Axis powers. Signed between Germany and Italy, now that Italy left the League of Nations.

1924-25: Aventine Secession

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The Secession was the withdrawal of Parliament opposition from the Chamber of Deputies. This is because the government hadn't clarified their position following the murder of Giacomo Matteotti by fascists.

1912: Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti

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Mussolini briefly edited a socialist newspaper in Austria-Hungary, then when he was around 30, he took over as editor of Avanti.

1914: Mussolini kicked out of Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WW I

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Mussolini wanted Italy to join the war—putting him at odds with the Italian Socialist Party, which expelled him due to his pro-war advocacy.

1915: Treaty of London

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Italy signed the Treaty of London and promised to join the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

1925: Battle for Grain

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A propaganda campaign by Mussolini to gain self-sufficiency in wheat production & freeing Italy from the ‘slavery of foreign bread’

1919: Beginning of Biennio Rosso

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Intense social conflict in Italy. (Two Red Years) Social division which involved mass strikes.

1925: Locarno Treaty Signed

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A treaty which was created by the allies and declared peace on Germany's frontiers & separated post-war territory. dismantling some of the negative outcomes of the ToV – portrayed inside Italy as another significant international achievement.

1936-1939; Italian involvement in the Spanish civil war

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Through this time, Mussolini had thought to expand the Fascist sphere with Spain being torn in half during the Civil war.

1926: Battle for Land & Battle for the Lira

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Both falling under economic battles:

o Land: Mussolini launched to increase the amount of land available for farming. Marshes & swamps were drained and converted into government-financed farms. Helped with the unemployment rate.

o Lira: began because the value of lira dropped and battle intended to restore value of lira abroad by revaluing the currency domestically. Done to attempt to raise claims of Italy becoming a great power

1927-43: Battle for Births

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It was a demographic campaign which tried to increase the Italian population from 40 million to 60 million by 1950. Pre-marital loans were offered to couples to pay for their weddings in order to encourage them to marry.

1929: Lateran Treaty with Pope

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3 agreements:

Declaring the Vatican City State to be the pope's neutral and inviolable territory, guaranteeing his political independence
A concordat concerning Church-State relations in Italy
The payment of compensation for lost papal possessions

It was made to recognize the state of Italy with Rome as its capital.

1938, September 29th; Munich Conference

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Signed between: Italy, Britain, France, and Germany. Czechoslovakia must surrender borders, and forces, to Germany. Germany threatened war unless the area of Sudetenland was given to Germany, as it was filled with ethnic Germans, and connected Germany.

1928: Kellogg-Briand Treaty

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An agreement to outlaw war amongst 50 countries (promise to keep peace), but it wasn’t an official treaty and was largely ineffective.

1935: Stresa Front

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The Stresa Front was an alliance between France, Italy, and Great Britain, aimed against Nazi Germany. It was viewed as a last chance to stop Hitler before WW2 and to reaffirm the conditions of Locarno treaties.

1939; Italy invades Albania

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Italy invaded Albania, Italy's troops overwhelming the Albanian troops, the King of Albania Zog I, escaped. Italy took the Gold for themselves, and the land.

1940; Italy enters WW II on side of Germany

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Italy joins WW2 on the Axis side, with its Partners Nazi Germany and Japanese Empire. Civil war starts soon.

1943, Late July; Mussolini brought down by coup during WW II

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Anti-Fascist movement had the perfect moment to capture Mussolini, and that they did. The capture of Mussolini was for a few months, until a raid ordered by Hitler happened.

1945, April 28th; Mussolini killed

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Captured after an escape attempt at the end of WW2, tied up in front of a gas station and brought down by machine guns along with his mistress and other colleges with him. Spat and kicked on afterwards by the people of the old Fascist Italy.

1919. Fascio di Combattimento Formed

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March 23. The ultranationalist organization that will become the fascist party in 1921 forms in Milan. The organization uses Mussolini's newspaper Il Popolo d'italia to spread its ideas.

1919. D'Annunzio Takes Fiume

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September 12. War hero and poet Gabriele D'Annunzio takes Fiume, a city disputed between Italy and what would become Yugoslavia. The city is under Italian Rule for 15 months until the Treaty of Rapallo on October 12, 1920, forces D'Annunzio out. Italy felt entitled to the city for their role in WWI.

1921. Mussolini allies with Giolitti

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May 15. Former prime minister Giovanni Giolitti forms the National Bloc with Mussolini winning 19.1% and 105 MPs in the 1921 election.

1921. Mussolini forms the PNF

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November 7- the Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF) is formed at the Third Fascist Conference with Mussolini as Duce. The party will rule Italy from 1922 to 1943.

1922. March on Rome

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October 31. 30,000 Blackshirts march into Rome demanding the resignation of prime minister Luigi Facta. Facta Resigns and Kind Victor Emmanual III Appoints Mussolini.

1923. Acerbo Law

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July 21. Law passed giving a party that wins a plurality greater than 25% 2/3 of MP seats. This is consolidation of power giving Mussolini control of Italy.

1923. Corfu Incident

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August 27. General Enrico Tellini is killed on his League of nations assignment in Greece. Mussolini blames the Greek government. After Greece agrees to only four points of Italy's ultimatum, 5,000-10,000 Italian troops land on Corfu. 16 civilians are killed and 30 are injured. The Conference of Ambassadors create a referendum agreed to by both sides on September 8.

1924

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May 30. Mussolini critic Giacomo Matteotti is murdered by Fascist hitmen sparking criticism of the Italian government. Mussolini loses popularity at first and the opposition parties protest, asking the King to intervein. in a speech on January 3, 1925, taking responsibility for the assassination and consolidating power through the repression of opposition.

1923: Bombardment & Invasion of Corfu (Greece) after assassination of Italian Officials

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LoN intervenes and Ita withdraws – resulting in a significant boost to Mussolini’s prestige and Italy’s international reputation

1924: ‘Pact of Rome’

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Italy retakes control of disputed town of Fiume from Yugoslavia. This led to a significant boost to Mussolini’s internal prestige

1926-27: Albania

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Mussolini installs a puppet regime in Albania across the Adriatic

1934: Mussolini stands up to Hitler’s attempted invasion of Austria to protect Italian Territory

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Hitler backs down

1935: Italy invades Abyssinia

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Britain & LoN fail to intervene. Italy takes control of country, but at considerable cost and not much economic gain.

1936: Spanish Civil War

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Mussolini supported Franco with troops and equipment, as does Hitler. The two dictators come closer together.

1937: Anti-Comintern Pact

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Allies, Germany, Italy & Japan against Communist threats

1938: Anschluss

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Germany & Austria are joined. Mussolini does not object

1939: Pact of Steel

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Formal military and strategic alliance between Italy & German

1940

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Italy enters the war and suffers heavy defeats in North Africa