Title IX Timeline by Blake Kennedy https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5 This is the timeline for Title IX. en-us 2021-04-03 18:00:20 UTC 2023-01-26 23:50:16 UTC hello@padlet.com Title IX Enacted blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379780033 June 23, 1972 
Title IX was enacted into law by way of the Educational Amendments of 1972.  The purpose of Title IX is to ensure that any educational program that is receiving federal funds is providing equal opportunities to both male and female students. The Law begins with this quote, “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”
One of the major effects of the enactment of Title IX was an increased number of women participating in sports.  Before this law was enacted, there were no women’s athletic scholarships in the NCAA.  After Title IX,  the colleges and universities had to provide the same percentage amount of their budget to males and females.   As a result, Title IX  led to a lower dropout rate for girls in high school and an increased number of women pursuing higher education (History.com Editors , 2009).   


]]> 2021-04-03 18:04:19 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379780033 Implementation of Title IX blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379811832 1972-1975
This was an important time for women in the Civil Rights Movement.  President Nixon put the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to regulate and clarify the new law.  Schools, organizations, and institutes that were receiving federal funding now had to designate one staff member to be the Title IX Coordinator. During this time, there were many attempts to interpret the law to benefit revenue-producing sports and programs which are almost dominated by males.  These interpretations were introduced by Sen. John Tower and called the Tower Amendments.  Congress rejected the amendment.  Congress did pass an amendment that was proposed by Sen. John Javits to direct HEW to include "reasonable provisions considering the nature of particular sports".   Since 1975, the federal government has been providing clarity and enforcement of Title IX regulations (Know your rights: Title ix prohibits sexual harassment and sexual violence where you go to school 2021).


]]> 2021-04-03 18:30:43 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379811832 Types of Discrimination under Title IX blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379878695 Title IX was enacted to make sure that there was equality with women in organizations and institutions that are receiving federal funding.  Title IX was set in place to provide equal opportunities to women and eliminating discrimination because of gender in science, math, and engineering stem programs.  There were many discriminations that needed to be addressed and are mentioned in Title IX.  For example, sexual harassment is considered a type of discrimination,  therefore, systems and training were put in place to educate people on how to recognize it, prevent it, and report it.  Another area of equality that Title IX was meant to dismantle was the discrimination in athletic opportunity and discrimination because of pregnancy.  It is important to note that there can be no retaliation for filing a complaint to the Office for Civil Rights (Know your rights: Title ix prohibits sexual harassment and sexual violence where you go to school 2021).

]]> 2021-04-03 19:32:26 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379878695 Title IX and Sports blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379905380 Title IX has increased the opportunities for females to compete in the same fashion as males do in collegiate and all school sports.  Title IX outlined three different ways that federally funded schools can adhere to the law.  One way that the TED-ed video mentioned was proportionality, this is making sure that female students receive the same proportion of opportunity that equals the percentage in the student body.  For example, if there is a 48% female population then there must be 48% of opportunity for them also.  The enactment of Title IX also ensures that female athletes are playing with the same quality of equipment, facilities, trainers, and coaches as male athletes (TEDEducation, 2013).  At my own school, I have noticed that we do a great job of making sure that our female athletes have an equal athletic experience to males.  We provide both male and female sports teams the same facilities and trainers.  We also have a scheduled 3 year rotation where every team gets new jerseys.  We also provide the same number of sports for female and male students.]]> 2021-04-03 19:55:40 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379905380 References blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379943641 D. (2021, January 05). Know your rights: Title ix prohibits sexual harassment and sexual violence where you go to school. Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/title-ix-rights-201104.html

History.com Editors. (2009, November 16). Title ix enacted. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/title-ix-enacted


Kreighbaum, A. (2017, February 23). Trump administration REVERSES Title Ix guidance on transgender PROTECTIONS. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/02/23/trump-administration-reverses-title-ix-guidance-transgender-protections


Melnick, R. (2020, June 11). Analyzing the Department of Education's final Title ix rules on sexual misconduct. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://www.brookings.edu/research/analyzing-the-department-of-educations-final-title-ix-rules-on-sexual-misconduct/


Melnick, R., R. Shep Melnick is the Tip O’Neill Professor of American Politics at Boston College and the author, Riley, N., & Rizer, A. (2018). The strange evolution of Title IX. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/the-strange-evolution-of-title-ix


TEDEducation. (2013, June 19). Equality, sports, and Title IX - Erin buzuvis and KRISTINE NEWHALL. Retrieved April 05, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KymR6N1HT88

U. (2021, January 05). Sex discrimination: Overview of the law. Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www2.ed.gov/policy/rights/guid/ocr/sexoverview.html


U.S Courts. (n.d.). The 14th amendment and the evolution of Title IX. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/14th-amendment-and-evolution-title-ix


Women’s Sports Foundation (Ed.). (2019, October 03). History of title ix. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocacy/history-of-title-ix/

]]> 2021-04-03 20:36:21 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379943641 Title IX and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1984-1988 blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379947711 The Supreme Court ruled in 1984 that to be compliant with Title IX that any institution receiving federal aid or grants must be in compliance with Title IX.  This was different from the original title IX because before 1984 it only had to do with the individual programs that were receiving funds from the federal government.  In 1987, Congress and the House clarified the law that if any portion of the institution were receiving funds that the entirety of the operation must be compliant with Title IX.  This led President Reagan to veto the legislation on the grounds that it put too much power in the hands of the federal government on private industries.  Congress continued to fight for equal rights between genders in 1988 and overruled the veto with a 2/3 vote to approve the new legislation.  I understand that there is always push back when dealing with new legislation, but this is a civil rights issue (U.S Courts , The 14th amendment and the evolution of Title IX).  Being that I grew up in the age where Title IX has always been prevalent I can’t imagine such push back in ensuring that females and males receive equal opportunities to educational experiences.


]]> 2021-04-03 20:40:45 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1379947711 Title IX and the impact on Sexual Harassment blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1380148920 The enactment of Title IX led the way for institutions to have a responsibility and have procedures in place when sexual harassment has occurred.  Schools must investigate and act promptly to resolve sexual harassment even if the parents and student do not want to file a complaint.   My district addresses and prevents sexual harassment is by educating employees with mandatory annual training on how to identify, prevent, and report sexual harassment.  Additionally, they have made all employees mandated reporters that make them more liable and more aware of sexual harassment or misconduct that may occur at their site (Sex discrimination: Overview of the law 2021).  


]]> 2021-04-04 01:30:57 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1380148920 Title IX and Transgender Students 2010-2020 blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1381276558 During the Obama Administration, it recognized that transgender students are protected under the ruling of Title IX.  The OCR, in 2016, stated that schools receiving funds from the federal government need to give students access based on gender identity and not the biological sex.  By using the term gender identity it allowed students to choose what facilities and sports teams the students will participate in and use.  Schools conformed to this new guidance by the OCR and allowed students to gain access to facilities that were oriented to one specific gender.   During the Obama Administration and use of sex being deemed an identity, transgender students were allowed to participate in the sports teams based on their gender identity.  However, many schools continued to provide separate sports teams to males and females to ensure that women are receiving an equal opportunity.  This changed drastically under the Trump administration.  In 2017, Trump and DeVos withdrew the new guidance that was set in place by the Obama Administration. With the withdrawal of the new guidance, under the action that it is not equal to females to have biological men compete in women’s athletics, it leaves this topic of transgender students up for a huge debate and likely to change with the new Biden Administration (Kreighbaum, 2017).  At my current school site, I know that we have transgender students using facilities that are designated to a specific gender.  We do not have any transgender students participating in any athletics at this point.   

 ]]> 2021-04-04 19:34:17 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1381276558 Title IX 1997-1999 Implementation of guidance on sexual harassment blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1381282599 Even though Title IX had been law since 1972, there was very little guidance on how to handle sexual harassment in schools. One reason why Title IX took much longer to implement is that it dealt with the actions and behaviors of employees.  There was a major discussion in the courts regarding sexual harassment and if it is discrimination and led to the courts concluding that all forms of sexual harassment are discrimination thus a violation of Title IX.  As the judges and administrators started to comply with this new finding, they used guidance from employers' Title 7 Civil Rights Act.  The Office of Civil Rights (OCR) issued guidelines in 1997.  In 1998 and 1999, the Supreme Court made a ruling from previous cases that ruled that schools are liable for staff actions regarding harassment and if there is negligence with peer harassment (Melnick, R, 2018).

]]> 2021-04-04 19:39:20 UTC https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1381282599 2011-2014 Title IX Office of Civil Rights Issues "Dear Colleague Letter" blakekennedy1 https://padlet.com/blakekennedy1/vfnu62wyl0rkbkt5/wish/1381319412 The Letter that the Department of Education sent out to schools detailed what schools must do to “end any harassment, eliminate a hostile environment if it has been created, and prevent harassment from occurring again.”  This was needed to be brought to the attention of schools and universities because after an investigation it found that 1 in 5 women were victims of sexual assault in college.  The letter and details in the letter were meant to change the culture and universities.  The letter outlined several areas schools should be acting in ” OCR told schools that it expected them to “encourage students to report sexual harassment early before such conduct becomes severe or pervasive so that it can take steps to prevent the harassment from creating a hostile environment.”(Melnick, 2020).  This was a must, as a father of a daughter, I feel that she should have every right that my son has and also that there is a responsibility of the school she is attending to implement a culture that keeps her as safe and respected as my son.



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