Microbiology by Tairyn M Richards https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a Exam 1: Ch. 1, 3, 5, 7 Exam 2: Exam 3: Exam 4: Final: en-us 2021-02-17 19:55:00 UTC 2025-01-14 20:08:50 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/1014862710/cd25aa3d0c2f9bd092c9fb4f2e5f3b18/Micro.jpg 1.1 What is Microbiology? tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212801594 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. ]]> 2021-02-17 20:02:49 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212801594 1.2 Determine the type of microbe when given a description tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212818583 Ways to determine microbes:
1. Cellular "floor plans"
2. Prokaryote: Do not have complex organelles
3. Eukaryotes: Employ organelles such as nucleus and mitochondria 
4. Viruses: "bags" of DNA or RNA. Acellular ]]> 2021-02-17 20:07:53 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212818583 1.2.1 Cellular Floor Plans tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212827632 1. Studio Apartment - Prokaryotes: 
They have a simpiler layout and lack complex organelles. 
  • Complex organelles - Any number of organized or specalized structures within a living structure. 
    • E.g. : Nucleus, Mitochondria
2. Three Story Victorian - Eukaryotes: 
They do have complex organelles. 
3. Backpackers- Viruses
They carry a backpack made of protien and inside is nucleic acid that codes for their survival. 


]]> 2021-02-17 20:10:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212827632 1.2.2 Prokaryotic Cell tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212876800 Do not have complete organelles
Studio Apartment]]> 2021-02-17 20:25:08 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212876800 1.2.3 Eukaryotes tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212879719 Do have complete organelles
Three Story Victorian]]> 2021-02-17 20:26:04 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212879719 1.2.4 Viruses tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212889040 Couch Surfers
Backpack of nucleic acid for coding]]> 2021-02-17 20:29:00 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212889040 1.2.5 Microbial Classification tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212895501 Cellular - Molds, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archea.
Acellular - viruses, viroids, satelites, and prions.]]> 2021-02-17 20:31:06 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212895501 1.3 Describe the term "RNA world" as it relates to precellular life tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212903428 1. "Old" Earth: hot, anoxic, harsh environments. the atmosphere was water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nirtogen. Oceans: formation of hydrogen, methane, and carboxylic acid. 
Hypothesis: At some time in the evolution of life, there must have been a single molecule that vould do both cellular  work and replicate.
Evidence: 
- RNA can perform cellular "work"
- Liposomes form spontaneously and allow RNA nucleotides in, but strands cannot escape
- RNA can act as its own template
- RNA is very much involved in modern protien synthesis
- ATP use a ribonucleotide
- RNA can regulate gene expression]]> 2021-02-17 20:33:41 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212903428 1.4 Describe the basis of phylogenic tree creation and be able to calculate evolutionary distance tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212968581 - A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.
- The pattern of branching in a phylogenetic tree reflects how species or other groups evolved from a series of common ancestors.
- How to calculate evolutionary distance:


]]> 2021-02-17 20:55:38 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1212968581 1.5 Define the endosymbiotic (and hydrogen) hypothesis and provide evidance to support both tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213023204 1.  Edosymbiotic: The interation between two organisms in which one organism lives inside the other. 
2. Hydrogen: States that the endosymbiont was actually an anaerobic bacterium that produces H2 and CO2 biproducts]]> 2021-02-17 21:15:33 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213023204 1.5.1 Endosymbiotic Hypothesis and Evidance tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213031649 - Edosymbiotic: The interation between two organisms in which one organism lives inside the other.
- Hypothesis: (later adjusted by hydrogen hypothesis): Over time, a bacterial endosymboint of an ancestral cell in the eukaryotic lineage lost its ability to live independently, becoming either a mitochondrion (if the intracellular bacterium used aeroibic respiration), or chloroplast (if the endosymbiont was a photosynthetic bacterium)
- Evidance:
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes. These are similar to bacterial DNA and ribosomes
  • Peptidoglycan (which makes up the bacterial cell wall) has been found between the membranes that enclose the chloroplasts of some algae. 
  • SSU rRna analysis shows that mitochondria and chloroplasts have bacterial lineage.
    • Mitochondria are most closely related to proteobacteria
    • Chloroplasts are most commonly related to ancestors of cyanobacteria.
]]> 2021-02-17 21:18:46 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213031649 Side Note: Cyanobacteria tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213048087
  • Cyanobacteria are very important organisms for the health and growth of many plants. They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia
  • Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of prokaryotes consisting of both free-living photosynthetic bacteria and the endosymbiotic plastids that are present in the Archaeplastida, the autotrophic eukaryotes that include the red and green algae and land plants
  • Cyanobacteria: aquatic, photosynthetic organisms that release oxygen and fix nitrogen.
    • Misnomer: blue-green algae
    • ]]>     2021-02-17 21:25:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213048087     1.5.2 Hydrogen Hypothesis tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213056331
  • Modifies the endosymbiotic hypothesis with respect to mitochondrial evolution. 
  • States that the endosymbiont was actually an anaerobic bacterium that produces H2 and CO2 biproducts
  • Eventually, it is the host who becomes depended on the H2 produced by the ednosymbiont
  • This endosymbiont eventually evoled into one of the five different organelles that resemble a mitochondria:
    • Mitosome
    • Anaerobic mitochondrion
    • Aerobic mitochondrion
    • Hydogenosome
    • H2- Producing mitochondrion

    • ]]>     2021-02-17 21:28:52 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213056331     1.6 Provide an argument against spontaneous generation tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213134994
  •  Francesco performed an experiment on spoiled meat to prove the inaccuracy of this idea. People originally thought that maggots spontaneously generated on meat when it was spoiled. Francesco uncovered one piece of spoiled meat and covered the other piece of spoiled meat. Flies were able to lay eggs on the uncovered meat but not covered meat. 
    • People though that organic matter could sponantously generate instead of larger organisms. 
    • Pasteur developed a method to keep solutions sterile by fire, and boiling the flask.
    • Pasteur proved spontaneous generation wrong by kiling the bacteria off the flask, but still allowed air to pass through.
    ]]>     2021-02-17 22:02:38 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213134994     1.7 Koch's Postulate tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213150557 Koch (german): Pronounced like "Coke"]]> 2021-02-17 22:09:54 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213150557 1.7.2 Inaccuracy of Koch's Postulate tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213189927 Postulate 2: You can't always grow on a pure culture because sometimes the organism (virus, and M. tuberculosis's cousin) needs a host to grow onto which you can't do in a pure culture. ]]> 2021-02-17 22:30:04 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213189927 1.8 Understand and apply binomial nomenclature tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213195663
  • Species means something different in the field of microbiology, because most organisms reproduce asexually. 
  • Strains are within a species
    • Each strain is a descendent of a pure microbial culture and shares stable properties that distinguish it from other strains. 
    • Example: 
      • Species = Escherichia Coli
      • Strain = E. Coli 0157:H7
  • Genus + specific epithet
    • Ex.: Micrococcus luetus
  • In writing, once a scientific name has been mentioned once, it can then be abbreviated throughtout the passage. 
    • Ex.: Micrococcus luterus is a bacteria that can be found on our skin. M. luterus is also known as an opprotunistic pathogen that can cause skin infections in immunocompromised patients.
    • ]]>     2021-02-17 22:33:03 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213195663     1.9 Provide examples and identify the relevance of each major field in microbiology tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213196270
  • Medical Micro
    • Medical labratory scientitst
  • Epidermiology/public health micro
  • Microbial ecology
  • Immunology
  • Agriculture micro
  • Food micro
  • Industrial micro
  • Microbial physiology 
  • Microbial genetics
  • Molecular biology 
  • Bioinformatics
    • ]]>     2021-02-17 22:33:23 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213196270     3.1 Distinguish bacterial cells from plant or animal cells with respect to their cell shapes, arrangments, size, and cell structure tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213247203 The two most common shapes are cocci and rods]]> 2021-02-17 23:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213247203 3.1.1 Cocci & Bacilli tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213272147 - Cocci can be arranged in many different ways depeinding on the plane of division, but we most commonly see staphlyococci and streptococci. 
    - Bacilli are often single (and ready to mingle) meaning that they do not arrange themselves in any particular way. ]]>     2021-02-17 23:17:04 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213272147     3.1.2 Other Shapes tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213279627 - comma shapped Vibrio ssp.]]> 2021-02-17 23:21:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213279627 3.1.3 Other Shapes tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213284589 - spiral shapped Spirochaete ssp.]]> 2021-02-17 23:24:37 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213284589 3.1.4 Size tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213286330 -The average size of bacteruim is 0.2 - 2.0 μm in diameter
    - Large cells, filamentous cells, oddly shaped cells are in less danger of predatory protists
    -Size matters: Surface-to-volume ratio]]>     2021-02-17 23:25:50 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213286330     3.1.5 Overview of bacterial cell structure & organization tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213292427 Bacterial cells are surrounded by several layers called cell envelopes
    • Layers from the outside in 
      • Capsule/slime layer, cell wall, and plasma membrane
    -Genetic material is localized to the nucleoid and is not mebrane bound.
    -Ribosomes and inclusions are scattered throughout the cytoplasm
    -Flagella are often present as a locomation device
    ]]>     2021-02-17 23:29:49 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213292427     3.1.6 Bateria tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213331714 The plasma membrane encompasses the cytoplasm and acts as a selectively permeable barrier. This is also the location of respiration, synthesis of lipids and cell wall constituents. 

    The importance of the plasma membrane: 
    • Interacts with its environment
    • Acquire nutrients 
    • Eliminate waste
    • Maintain the interior of the cell even if external changes occur
    ]]>     2021-02-17 23:56:11 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213331714     3.2 Fluid Mosaic Model tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213334764 The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules are embedded. The lipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to the membrane.
    • Lower temps: more unstable fatty acids
    • Higher temps: more staurated fatty acids
    • Membrane proteins are either integral or peripheral
    ]]>     2021-02-17 23:58:16 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213334764     Compare and contrast passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and group translication. Provide examples of each tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213341413
  • Passive diffusion (simple diffusion): molecules move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration without using energy. 
    • Most substances cannot freely diffuse into the cell. O2, CO2, and H2O are able to cross the plasma membrane but ions and polar substances that need protein transfers cannot.
  • Facilitated diffusion: Similar to passive diffusion, still requires a concentration gradient, and no energy is needed to get molecules across the membrane. 
    • Substances move across the plasma membrane with the help of transport proteins that act as channels or carriers. 
  • Active Transport:
    • ]]>     2021-02-18 00:03:04 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1213341413     9.1 Trace the general history of antimicrobial chemotherapy tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218369207 - Antibiotic development was at the stage where arsenic was considered an improvement over mercury 
    1.  Antimicrobials are often metabolic products of aerobic bacteria and fungi 
    2. Bacteria in genera Streptomyces and Bacillus
    3. Molds in genera Penicillium and Cephalosporium 
    4. Produced as microbial warfare agents
    ]]>     2021-02-19 10:27:20 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218369207     9.1.2 History of antimicrobial chemotherapy tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218376676
  •  Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata develop Salvarsan to treat Syphilis in 1908 
    • ]]>     2021-02-19 10:30:35 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218376676     9.1.3 History of antimicrobial bacteria tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218380338  Alexander Fleming accidentally “rediscovers” Penicillin in 1928 ]]> 2021-02-19 10:32:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218380338 9.2 Propose natural sources of new antimicrobial agents tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218384657 2021-02-19 10:34:24 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218384657 9.3 Explain the difference between a narrow and broad-spectrum drug tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218385246
  •  Broad spectrum: attack many kinds of bacteria 
  •  Narrow spectrum: effective only against a limited variety of pathogens 
    • ]]>     2021-02-19 10:34:40 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218385246     9.4 Correlate drug action with cidal and static effects tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218385650
  •  Static: reversibly inhibit growth 
  •  Cidal: kills target pathogen (may be static at low levels) 
    • ]]>     2021-02-19 10:34:52 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218385650     9.5 Explain how to determine the level of antibacterial drug activity using the dilution susceptibility test, the disk diffusion test, and the Etest tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218386173
  •  Dilution susceptibility testing:
    •  Used to determine MIC and MLC  
    •  Can be performed in agar or broth 
      •  Mueller-Hinton agar or broth is used 
        •  Almost all organisms can grow on M - H 
        • Contains starch to absorb any toxic biproducts produced by bacteria so that they don’t interfere with antimicrobial activity 
        •  “loose” agar allows for better diffusion of antibiotics
    •  Twofold dilutions of antibiotics impregnated into media are inoculated with a standard density of the test organism 
    • Lowest concentration of the antibiotic resulting in no growth after 16 -20 hours of incubation is the MIC 
    • MLC is determined by culturing the tubes that show no growth onto fresh media that does not contain the antibiotic
  •  Disk diffusion test:  Most simple to perform 
    • Mueller-Hinton agar inoculated with bacterium
    • Small paper disks, each impregnated with a different antibiotic are placed on the inoculated agar 
    • Antibiotic will diffuse outward through the agar, producing a concentration gradient 
      •  Highest concentration of antibiotic near the disk and decreases with distance 
    •  Resistant organisms will grow close to the disk whereas susceptible organisms will not be able to 
      •  A clear zone or ring will form around an antibiotic disk after incubation if the agent inhibits bacterial growth 
      • The wider the zone surrounding the disk, the more susceptible the pathogen is* 
        •  *Zone width is also a function of the antibiotic’s initial concentration, its solubility, and its diffusion rate through the agar, therefore zone width cannot be used to compare the effectiveness of antibiotics directly 
  •  The Etest® 
    •  Often used in sensitivity testing 
    • MIC determined by the Etest® 
    • Bacteria inoculated onto surface of agar and an Etest® strip is placed on the surface 
    • ]]>     2021-02-19 10:35:08 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218386173     9.6 Compare antibacterial drug mechanisms of action tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218388263 2021-02-19 10:35:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218388263 9.7 Correlate lack of microbial growth with selective toxicity tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218388800 2021-02-19 10:35:49 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218388800 9.8 Relate side effects of antibacterial drugs to mechanisms of action tricha30 https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218389546 2021-02-19 10:36:12 UTC https://padlet.com/tricha30/verhmm9eljuq0n9a/wish/1218389546