在弗洛伊德看来，文明的形成和发展要求人们必须抑制这些本能欲望，以维持社会秩序和和谐。例如，为了生活在集体社会中，人们必须抑制他们对即时满足的追求，学会延迟满足，这需要通过压抑本能欲望来实现。同样，为了避免暴力和冲突，人们必须抑制他们的攻击本能。

弗洛伊德进一步指出，这种本能的压抑是有代价的。它可能导致个人的不满和心理疾病，因为压抑的欲望并没有消失，而是被埋藏在潜意识中。这种不满可能以各种形式表现出来，如神经症、焦虑和其他心理问题。

总的来说，弗洛伊德认为，虽然文明的进步带来了许多好处，如科技发展、艺术和文化的繁荣，但它也要求个体支付心理上的代价，即本能的压抑。这种观点强调了文明进步与个人心理健康之间复杂的关系。

这么说，我可以认为脏话也是一种本能。这种本能其实本身也被压制了

Freud's theory of civilization's development and the repression of instincts is a core concept presented in his book "Civilization and Its Discontents." Freud believed that the development of civilization is a process that suppresses human instinctual desires. Here, instincts mainly refer to the sexual and aggressive instincts of humans.

In Freud's view, the formation and development of civilization require people to suppress these instinctual desires to maintain social order and harmony. For example, to live in a collective society, people must suppress their pursuit of immediate satisfaction and learn to delay gratification, which is achieved through the suppression of instinctual desires. Similarly, to avoid violence and conflict, people must suppress their aggressive instincts.

Freud further pointed out that this suppression of instincts comes at a cost. It may lead to individual dissatisfaction and psychological disorders, as the suppressed desires do not disappear but are buried in the subconscious. This dissatisfaction can manifest in various forms, such as neurosis, anxiety, and other psychological problems.

Overall, Freud believed that although the progress of civilization brings many benefits, such as technological development, and the flourishing of art and culture, it also requires individuals to pay a psychological price, namely the repression of instincts. This viewpoint emphasizes the complex relationship between the progress of civilization and individual psychological health.

That said, I can consider swearing as an instinct. This instinct is actually also repressed.

仅就汉语而言，引《汉语詈词研究》之结论来解释，大部分汉语脏话产生的意识背景，应为人类的贵贱意识和伦理意识。

体现在脏话上，就是将对方比作被广泛认为“低贱”的事物(禽兽奴婢等)，或者问候对方女性亲属。

当然，在脏话的区间内，还存在很多直接暗示对话双方发生性关系的词语(比如操的动词形态)，这实际上也是伦理意识的一种表现，不必特殊分析，仅需要注意与倭黑猩猩之间以交媾缓和矛盾的行为相区别。

①贵贱意识下产生的脏话，主要的实用原理如下：

人类在产生自我认知后，会建立起一整套以自我为中心的支配体系。个人层面上，是从可以完全支配的事物，到完全不可以支配的事物，以自己对物质支配能力的大小判断该物质强弱的体系。越容易被自己支配，则默认其越弱。这和土狗通过判断自己是否能咬死对方，来决定尾巴运动模式的思路完全一致。

这种支配体系，在人类变成群居动物时，自动演化成“贵贱体系”，即“强贵弱贱”。

同时由于人类集群规模化、军事化，地球上已经没有一种生物可以比人类强。一个人类干不死的动物，一个火箭军总归能打死。所以根据前述贵贱标准，动物性名词(如畜生)——除了成吉思汗养的狗——全部和脏话产生联系。

而规模化、军事化，自然会产生头头和小弟，由是阶级产生。便很自然的出现，对某一阶级(按个体自我认定的阶级为准)来说，低于其阶级的人类属性名词(比如中文应用广泛的“贱人”)，用在自己身上算脏话。

②伦理意识下的脏话，比贵贱意识下的脏话，出现地晚很多。这一类的脏话，必须建立在家庭和私有制出现以后。关于家庭和私有制的描述，详见恩格斯《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》。说真的恩先生这篇文章，已经漂亮的解释了从“君母之牝”到“草泥姐夫”的意识背景。我非communizm，亦觉马恩之生，如天降千万瓦激光灯。

简单地说，在家庭和私有制出现后，由私有财产的多寡，产生了一种类似上述“贵贱”关系的权利关系。这种权利关系，不一定完全和社会权力以及社会“贵贱”挂钩(士农工商)。但通过支付足量财产，一个人的确可以为所欲为。

和前一种打猎队里头头小弟权力结构不同，私有制出现后的财产，变成了一种可继承的权利资源。基于它可继承的属性，它会自然地逼迫拥有者决定他的继承人。这时候，能够明确女性阴道里出来的物质，与雄性配子供应方直接遗传关系(方便男女双方确定责任关系，非父系强势认知)的“家庭”制度，自然必须配套上马。

在此基础上，通过污蔑对方女性家长，可以否定对方财产、权利继承资格。所谓断人财路，甚于杀人父母。作为被污蔑方，自然会产生反感。那么这个问候女性家长的污蔑，便成了脏话。

而被污蔑方为了否定污蔑，就会创造“贞操”、“人伦”等概念。伦理的意识开始出现，女性的阴道与继承权逐渐绑定，那么不只是女性家长，家庭中所有的女性成员(在世风)都不容问候性污蔑，则“CN妹”等等，便是脏话了。

又基于这种“被操方负伦理责任”，“被操会变脏”的意识，操这个动作也就变成了操方对被操方的侮辱，化为脏话。这时候，哪怕是一个完美异性恋男人说：“草泥姐夫”，也是说脏话了(排除性向歧视因素，性向歧视属于①类贵贱意识)。

脏话和性，继承权绑定，和尊卑贵贱绑定。

I do not believe that insulting others or using profanity for personal attacks is acceptable. My discussion leans more towards a kind of breakdown, or venting about something. Personally, I strongly dislike those who use profanity to attack a particular group or family. What I want to express is a certain attitude towards life.

1. 高度组织化的社会结构：文明通常有复杂的社会结构和分工，包括明确的社会等级和职业分类。

2. 发达的城市和建筑：城市规划、固定居住地和纪念性建筑物的存在是文明的重要标志。

3. 先进的技术和工艺：文明往往拥有先进的技术和工艺，能够有效利用和改造自然环境，以满足人类的需要。

4. 复杂的政治和法律体系：文明发展出复杂的政府形式和法律体系，以维持社会秩序和促进公共福祉。

5. 发达的经济系统：文明具有发达的经济系统，包括农业、贸易、货币系统等，能够支持大规模的经济活动和人口集中。

6. 丰富的文化和艺术成就：文化创新和艺术成就，如文学、音乐、绘画、雕塑等，是文明的重要组成部分。

7. 书写系统和记录知识的能力：文明通常发展出一套书写系统，用于记录历史、法律、文学和科学知识。

8. 宗教和哲学体系：文明往往形成复杂的宗教信仰和哲学思想，这些信仰和思想对社会有着深远的影响。

文明这一概念在不同的学术领域中有不同的定义和解释，但上述特征提供了一个基本的框架，帮助理解文明作为人类社会发展的一个阶段。

Civilization is a concept that covers a wide range of areas, typically referring to the advanced stage of development achieved by a society or a series of societies in aspects such as culture, technology, politics, and economy. The characteristics of civilization include, but are not limited to:

• Highly organized social structures: Civilizations usually have complex social structures and division of labor, including clear social hierarchies and occupational classifications.

• Developed cities and architecture: The presence of urban planning, permanent settlements, and monumental buildings is an important sign of civilization.

• Advanced technology and crafts: Civilizations often possess advanced technology and crafts that can effectively utilize and transform the natural environment to meet human needs.

• Complex political and legal systems: Civilizations develop complex forms of government and legal systems to maintain social order and promote public welfare.

• Developed economic systems: Civilizations have developed economic systems, including agriculture, trade, monetary systems, etc., capable of supporting large-scale economic activities and population concentrations.

• Rich cultural and artistic achievements: Cultural innovations and artistic achievements, such as literature, music, painting, sculpture, etc., are an essential part of civilization.

• Writing systems and the ability to record knowledge: Civilizations usually develop a set of writing systems for recording history, laws, literature, and scientific knowledge.

• Religious and philosophical systems: Civilizations often form complex religious beliefs and philosophical ideas, which have profound impacts on society.

The concept of civilization has different definitions and interpretations across various academic fields, but the above characteristics provide a basic framework to help understand civilization as a stage in human societal development.

"Say, 'fuck it.'"

数一数二的脏话语言学专家得属斯德哥尔摩大学的芒努斯·荣（Magnus Ljung）教授——他在2011年发布的《跨文化的脏话语言学研究》（A Cross-Cultural Linguistic Study）中根据数千份调查样本，总结出脏话具有以下四个特征：

• • 包括“日”“屎”等禁忌词；

• • 不指代或预示实际行动；

• • 大体遵循一定的语式；

• • 情感性强，具有表现即时情绪的作用。

在《我们为什么会说脏话》这本书里，作者埃玛·伯恩给出一个更简洁的定义：脏话就是情绪激愤的情况下使用的，指代普遍禁忌的词语。简单来说，脏话的本质就是打破禁忌

Two commonly accepted academic definitions of profanity are: First, words used in situations of emotional excitement; second, words that refer to universally taboo subjects.

Among the leading experts in the linguistics of profanity is Professor Magnus Ljung from Stockholm University. In his 2011 publication, "A Cross-Cultural Linguistic Study," based on thousands of survey samples, he outlined the following four characteristics of profanity:

• Includes taboo words such as "fuck" and "shit";

• Does not refer to or predict actual actions;

• Generally follows certain syntactical patterns;

• Highly emotional, serving to express immediate emotions.

In the book "Why We Swear," the author Emma Byrne provides a more concise definition: Profanity is used in situations of emotional arousal, referring to universally taboo subjects. Simply put, the essence of profanity is breaking taboos.

Offensive, taboo-breaking, self-referential and hierarchical, aggressive.

那什么是好奇心？某度解释：好奇心是动物处于对某事物全部或部分属性空白时，本能的想添加此事物的属性的内在心理。表现为：

1、对一些事物表示特别注意的情绪。

2、喜欢探究不了解事物的心理状态。

3、 对于怪诞的嗜好或热情。

简单理解，就是说某事物越禁止就越想打破禁忌。比如贾宝玉读《西厢记》在当时就是偷偷读的，因为在当时是禁书，越禁越想看。还有如果我现在告诉你：别想你脑子里的大象，请问你现在脑子想的是什么？

大概率就是想的那头象，这是《别想那只大象》本书所讲有关语言能够控制人的意志的故事，这正是利用人类的本能。此外，心理学上有个名词—红色按钮综合征。说的是，把你关在一个房间里，好吃好喝的供着。只有一个要求，你面前有一个红色的按钮，绝对不能按。但是最后，绝大多数人都会按。

人类天生就有打破规范，明知不可为而为之的冲动，这是人的本能。很多脏话说完有一种莫名的爽快感就是这个原因，因为你释放了打破近期的本能冲动。换句话说，有人类社会的地方就一定会有规则，有规则就会有相应的禁忌，有禁忌就有相应的脏话。

Understanding the nature of profanity helps us comprehend why it is so resilient and why attempts to ban it have repeatedly failed. It also explains why children start using swear words from a young age: everyone has curiosity, which is a human instinct.

So, what is curiosity? According to Baidu, curiosity is the innate psychological desire to add to one’s knowledge about the attributes of something when those attributes are completely or partially unknown. It manifests as:

1. An emotional state of paying special attention to certain things.

2. A psychological state of enjoying the exploration of the unknown.

3. An interest or enthusiasm for the bizarre.

Simply put, the more something is forbidden, the more one wants to break the taboo. For example, Jia Baoyu secretly reading "The Romance of the West Chamber" because it was banned at the time; the more it was banned, the more he wanted to read it. Similarly, if I now tell you: "Don't think of an elephant in your mind," what are you thinking of right now?

Most likely, you're thinking of that elephant. This is a story from the book "Don't Think of an Elephant" about how language can control people's will, leveraging human instincts. Additionally, there is a psychological term called the "red button syndrome." It describes a scenario where you are locked in a room with everything you need provided for you, with only one requirement: there is a red button in front of you that you must not press. However, in the end, most people will press it.

Humans inherently have the impulse to break norms and do what is forbidden, which is part of human nature. The inexplicable sense of relief many feel after swearing is due to this reason, as it releases the impulse to break the taboo. In other words, wherever there is human society, there will be rules; where there are rules, there will be taboos; and where there are taboos, there will be corresponding profanity.

第一个作用是：增加沟通的效率

设想一下这样的情景，期末考试来临，你每天熬夜复习功课，但这时有另外一个同学老是拉着你讲明星八卦，你这个时候你会怎么说呢？你可以说我不想听，但是你觉得有用吗？你也可以说我很生气了，你不要再说了。

但如果这个人不太识相的话，他未必能感觉到你正在生气，这时千言万语不如一个字管用，那就是——滚。如果换成其他的词可能就表达不出这种情绪，比说其他话省时省力又充分表达情绪。

想起我疫情在家，也经常说“滚”这个字。我正在上网课，调皮的小孩跑来我房间捣乱，而此时的我正连麦回答老师问题。她们吵吵我完全不顾麦是否关掉，直接崩出一句，不对，一个词——滚。小孩知道我生气，立马跑出房门，去别处打闹。简单粗暴！

第二个作用就是：作为组织的安全阀

它可以降低一个团体中发生暴力的概率。也就是说本来会有一场暴力，会发生冲突，但由于互相彼此骂脏话，气都发泄殆尽，也就没有必要动手。暴力是一种手段，是满足自己攻击欲的一种手段，而骂脏话正能满足这种需求，自然就减少暴力发生的概率。

骂人的人总觉得仿佛自己脏话出口，就可以呼风唤雨，变天降灾。比如你这种人，做尽坏事，要遭天谴，天打五雷轰。还有不是不报，时候未到，总有一天老天爷会收了你。

有一种诅咒的性质在里面，诅咒也是一种脏话。说脏话会使人心率加快并给予大脑暴力的暗示，与此同时却降低了实际使用暴力的概率——真是应了“君子动口不动手”的俗语。

第三作用是：脏话可以缓解疼痛

它会调动暴力情绪麻痹痛感，从而起到减缓疼痛的作用。

什么脏话还可以缓解疼痛？这是怎么回事？

你可以想象一下，假如你突然被开水烫到了，被躲着门背后的人吓了一跳，会是什么反应？大概率不是很疼，而是爆粗口，操，我操，烫死我啦，吓我我啦等诸如此类。在这种情况下爆粗口不是没有教养，而是人的本能反应，因为说脏话真的能缓解疼痛。

有一个心理学家理查德·斯蒂芬斯，做过相关实验。他召集的六七十个自愿者，让他们慢慢把手放进冰水里，直到冷的受不了了，就再拿出来。这些志愿者被分成两组，一组可以说脏话，另一组禁止说脏话。最后演讲结果发现，说脏话的那一组，都在回忆起实验过程中普遍觉得疼痛感比非脏话要低。

恋人分手，被朋友背叛，被人辱骂，说脏话也有这个功效。

It serves to release emotions, ease the atmosphere, and can also be used to hurt others. The book "Why We Swear" mentions three less common purposes of swearing.

The first purpose is: to increase the efficiency of communication.

Imagine this scenario: final exams are approaching, and you're staying up late every night to study. But then there's a classmate who keeps talking to you about celebrity gossip. What would you say? You could say you're not interested, but do you think that would work? You could also say you're really angry and they should stop talking.

But if the person doesn't quite get the hint, they might not realize you're angry. In such cases, a single word can be more effective than a thousand words — that word is "fuck off". Using a different word might not convey the emotion as effectively, saving time and effort while fully expressing your feelings.

I remember during the pandemic when I was at home, I often used the word "fuck off". I was attending an online class, and some mischievous kids ran into my room and started causing a ruckus while I was answering a question from my teacher. Ignoring whether my microphone was on or not, I blurted out, no, just one word — "fuck off". The kids knew I was angry and immediately ran out of the room to play elsewhere. It was simple and brutal!

The second purpose is: to act as a safety valve for organizations.

It can reduce the likelihood of violence within a group. That is, what could have led to a violent conflict ends up being resolved through mutual swearing, exhausting all the anger, thus eliminating the need for physical confrontation. Violence is a means to satisfy one's desire to attack, and swearing satisfies this need, naturally reducing the likelihood of violence.

Those who swear often feel as if their words can control the elements or bring down disasters. For example, people like you, who do all sorts of bad things, will be punished by heaven, struck by thunder. There's also the saying, "what goes around comes around," implying that someday divine justice will catch up with you.

This includes a sort of curse, which is also a form of profanity. Swearing can increase heart rate and suggest violence to the brain, while simultaneously reducing the probability of actual violence—truly embodying the saying "A gentleman uses his mouth, not his fists."

The third purpose is: swearing can alleviate pain.

It mobilizes aggressive emotions to numb the sense of pain, thus serving to mitigate it.

How can swearing relieve pain? What's the deal with that?

Imagine if you suddenly got scalded by boiling water or got startled by someone hiding behind a door. What would be your reaction? Most likely, instead of just feeling pain, you'd swear: "Fuck, I'm burned," "Shit, you scared me," and so on. In such situations, swearing is not a lack of manners but a natural human response because swearing can indeed alleviate pain.

A psychologist, Richard Stephens, conducted related experiments. He gathered sixty to seventy volunteers, asking them to slowly immerse their hands in ice water until they couldn't stand the cold any longer, then remove them. These volunteers were divided into two groups: one could swear, and the other could not. The results showed that the group allowed to swear generally felt less pain during the experiment compared to the group that did not swear.

Swearing also has this effect when breaking up with a lover, being betrayed by a friend, or being insulted.

生本能具有正向的、积极的、建设性的作用，其中性本能是主要成分。与生本能相联系的一切心理能量称为“力比多”（关于力比多的内容详见昨天的推文《弗洛伊德的心理动力学——力比多》）。正由于有这些本能，使个体与种族得以繁衍，并得以成长和创造。

我认为这也可以被认为是文明发展的本能

The life instinct is a combination of the ego instinct and the sexual instinct. It manifests as a force of survival, development, and libido, representing the aggressive, constructive, and creative motivational content latent within life itself.

The life instinct has a positive, active, and constructive role, with the sexual instinct being a major component. All psychological energy associated with the life instinct is called "libido" (for more on libido, see yesterday's tweet "Freud's Psychodynamics—Libido"). It is these instincts that enable individuals and species to reproduce, grow, and create.

I believe this can also be considered the instinct behind the development of civilization.

死亡是生命的终结，是生命的最后稳定状态，生命只有在这时才不再需要为满足生理欲望而斗争。只有在此时，生命不再有焦虑和抑郁，所以所有生命的最终目标是死亡。

死亡本能派生出攻击、破坏、战争等一切毁灭行为。当它转向机体内部时，导致个体的自责，甚至自伤自杀，当它转向外部世界时，导致对他人的攻击、仇恨、谋杀等。

正如我后面所说，我认为脏话也是被文明压抑的死本能之一，其实这种压抑本身就是矛盾也不健康的

The death instinct, also known as the destructive impulse, aggressive instinct, or invasive instinct, is an urge to destroy order and return to a pre-life state.

Death marks the end of life and is its final stable state; it is only in death that life no longer needs to struggle to satisfy physiological desires. Only then is life free from anxiety and depression, making death the ultimate goal of all life.

The death instinct gives rise to aggression, destruction, war, and all forms of annihilative behavior. When it turns inward, it leads to self-blame, and even self-harm or suicide; when directed outward, it results in attacks on others, hatred, and murder.

As I mentioned later, I consider swearing to be one of the death instincts suppressed by civilization. In fact, this repression itself is contradictory and unhealthy.

德语：Mistvieh /Misthund

英语：Go fuck yourself

日语：马鹿野郎，くそやろう

韩语：씨발

西班牙语：caraculo

俄语：Бля

泰语：ไอ้บ้า

中文：日你妈

阿拉伯语：Anīk jaddak

意大利语：vaffanculo

67个基尔大学的本科生参加了这项研究。他们先被要求完成三份问卷，分别测量他们在痛苦、焦虑和恐惧方面的特质。随后，研究人员要求他们将非优势手（就是平时不用来写字的那只手）放松，浸入到5℃的冷水中，同时重复讲一句脏话或者是一句中性的话，不满5分钟不能拿出来，时间越长越好。测试一共进行2次，参加者每次将手浸入冷水前，都需要先将那只手浸入到25℃的室温水中3分钟，以获得一个标准的参照点。

随后，研究者测量了参加者将手浸入到冷水中的痛苦忍受度（即手在冷水中最多能浸多久），并且测量了参加者每次将手从冷水里拿出后的痛苦知觉程度（通过痛苦知觉问卷）和心率。

结果显示，相比较说中性的话，参加者将手浸入冷水中时，骂脏话会给他们更多忍痛的力量，因为骂脏话时参加者在冷水中浸泡的时间更长，平均比不骂脏话时长40秒；对痛苦的知觉程度更小，心率更高。

脏话的作用在女性身上更明显。这可能因为女性讲脏话更少。后来，流言终结者节目（Myth Busters）跟风做了这个实验，发现五位节目主播在说脏话的情况下，忍痛时间比不说脏话时延长了30% 左右，验证了这个结果。

SHIT! 为啥骂脏话更能忍痛？史蒂芬斯认为骂脏话更能忍痛，可能是因为骂脏话会激发“深入且久远的那部分情绪的脑区”，如右半球的边缘系统，基底核，杏仁核，产生了一种“战斗或逃跑”的反应，骂脏话会增加心率可能正体现了这点。

但是骂脏话到底是引发了恐惧？对当下威胁的预警反应？还是攻击性？这可能需要进一步的研究才能说明。另外，说中性话时，对痛苦的恐惧程度能预测痛苦知觉的程度，也就是越害怕越痛苦。但是骂脏话时，却并没有发现这样的现象，这也说明了骂脏话切断了“痛苦的知觉和痛苦恐惧”之间的反应联系，这也可能是骂脏话有助忍痛的另一原因。

知道脏话的止痛妙用，你以后是准备说脏话呢、说脏话呢还是说脏话呢？作为一种几乎零成本零副作用的便携止痛药，实在是居家旅行必备佳品，只是使用前请三思，平时用太多会产生“抗药性

Swearing, a potent remedy for enduring pain: Cursing can help you bear pain. A study by Richard Stephens and John Atkins at Keele University in the UK provides a legitimate reason for swearing.

67 undergraduate students from Keele University participated in this study. They were first asked to complete three questionnaires, measuring their traits in pain, anxiety, and fear. Then, the researchers asked them to relax their non-dominant hand (the one they don't usually use to write) and immerse it in cold water at 5°C, while repeating a swear word or a neutral word. They could not remove their hand for less than 5 minutes, and the longer, the better. The test was conducted twice, with participants immersing their hand in room temperature water at 25°C for 3 minutes before each cold water immersion, to establish a standard reference point.

Afterward, the researchers measured the participants' pain endurance (i.e., how long they could keep their hand in the cold water) and assessed their perception of pain (through a pain perception questionnaire) and heart rate after each immersion.

The results showed that, compared to saying neutral words, participants had greater pain tolerance when swearing, as evidenced by longer immersion times in the cold water, averaging 40 seconds longer; they had a lower perception of pain and higher heart rates.

The effect of swearing was more pronounced in women, possibly because women swear less often. Later, the TV show Myth Busters replicated this experiment and found that the five hosts could endure pain for about 30% longer when swearing than when not, confirming these results.

SHIT! Why does swearing enhance pain tolerance? Stephens believes that swearing can enhance pain tolerance possibly because it activates "deep and ancient parts of the brain associated with emotion," such as the right hemisphere's limbic system, basal ganglia, and amygdala, triggering a "fight or flight" response. The increase in heart rate when swearing may reflect this.

However, whether swearing triggers fear, a preemptive response to an imminent threat, or aggression remains to be further researched. Additionally, when saying neutral words, the degree of fear of pain could predict the perception of pain, meaning the more afraid, the more pain felt. But this phenomenon was not observed when swearing, suggesting that swearing breaks the response link between "the perception of pain and the fear of pain," which could be another reason why swearing helps with pain tolerance.

Knowing the analgesic magic of swear words, will you choose to swear in the future? As a virtually cost-free, side-effect-free portable painkiller, it's indeed an essential for home and travel. However, please think twice before use, as excessive use can lead to "resistance."

If civilization is considered Constructionism, then in some sense, swear words could be seen as Deconstructionism. The development of civilization is undoubtedly important, but an exclusive focus on science and rationality can also be dangerous. For instance, the birth of extreme nationalism and weapons of mass destruction are products of scientific and rational analysis of survival needs, capable of annihilating humanity. In contrast, Deconstructionism reverses this, making things specific, down to every individual, where rationality is no longer the sole guide. Living as civilized beings in the world, we should also have the right to be 'wild' at times. Therefore, understanding the origins and meanings of swear words, I believe they are not necessarily inferior to civilized rational language and can sometimes play a more significant role. Of course, this has its dualities. My discussion on this topic led me to think about other matters, such as the conflict between witchcraft and modern scientific rationality. The witch hunts profoundly reflected the oppression of women at that time and the horrific trials conducted by religion to consolidate divine authority. My thoughts are largely inspired by a Bilibili blogger, CoCoVii. I know this may seem odd, but it's just a feeling I'm trying to articulate clearly. Thinking from a humanities perspective – from religion to theology to sociology – for example, women defined as witches in ancient religions might have had beautiful appearances or powerful abilities. The sin conceived around them, making people believe these women committed crimes through magic, might actually refer to using "magic" to satisfy desires, which was very dangerous in a world that revered asceticism during the Middle Ages. After the Renaissance, science and rationality gradually took precedence, but at the same time, people began to unabashedly fulfill their own desires, giving rise to various tragedies (such as victim-blaming, nationalism, or the "desire for no desires"). I can't offer any solution to this contradiction. People will develop their own beliefs in such a society, beliefs born out of their lives and survival. Modern films and particularly video games (like The Witcher 3) often portray witches in a light that includes both "restrained" beauty and kindness, as well as the skillful use of magic to fulfill some "desires," representing the current reconciliation of these two contradictions. And what I'm discussing, the swear words born under the civilization system, are a small part of this reconciliation.

Ascetics believe that human physical desires are base, selfish, harmful, and the source of sin. Therefore, they emphasize restraining worldly physical desires and pleasures, even advocating the renunciation of all desires, as a means to achieve moral perfection on the other shore. Asceticism gradually became popular in the 6th century BC and reached its peak in the 5th century AD, developed by Augustine.

After saying so much and conducting so much research, it's time to analyze how the work might be completed.

After all, since it's related to swear words, perhaps some simpler and more forceful materials could convey my meaning, such as bricks or hammers.

I'm considering setting the main theme of the work on "balance," because modern civilization itself is essentially a form of "balance." And swear words, being "taboo," are actually trying to influence this "balance." This is a good thing as it can encourage people to think about the world from a more speculative perspective, and in my opinion, it makes such individuals appear more human and real.

我想这也是一个创作思路，利用粗暴的方法因对精密的技巧

In Episode 72 of "Legend of Zhen Huan," Mogul Khan visits the Qing Emperor, bringing a nine-linked jade bracelet. None of the ministers could solve it. After whispering to Consort Xi, she calls over their daughter, Princess Long Yue, who says to the Emperor, "My daughter has a method that might work." With the Emperor's permission, Long Yue takes the nine-linked rings and smashes them.

This could also be a creative idea, using brute force against delicate technique.

这种恶心的东西和脏话有异曲同工之妙。能否借鉴呢？

代表人物：辛迪•谢尔曼（CindySherman）被认为是恶心艺术中的一个核心人物，此外还包括路易丝•布儒瓦（Louise Bourgeois）、海伦•查德威克（Helen Chadwick）、保罗•麦卡锡（Paul McCarthy）、吉尔伯特和乔治（Gilbert & George）、罗伯特•戈伯（RobertGober）、卡洛里•施尼曼（CaroleeSchneemann）、奇奇•史密斯（Kiki Smith）、莎拉•卢卡斯（Sarah Lucas）、查普曼兄弟（Jakeand Dinos Chapman）。

Abject art is used to describe artworks that violate and infringe upon our senses of cleanliness and propriety, especially in relation to the body and its functions.

This notion of the abject shares a certain parallelism with the use of swear words. Could it be a source of inspiration?

Key figures include Cindy Sherman, who is considered a central figure in abject art, along with Louise Bourgeois, Helen Chadwick, Paul McCarthy, Gilbert & George, Robert Gober, Carolee Schneemann, Kiki Smith, Sarah Lucas, and the Chapman Brothers (Jake and Dinos Chapman).

As a balanced artist, every piece of work is the result of meticulous calculation. Can I merge it with something that's straightforward and rough?

Everyone knows her "My Bed." This is also a great example. It simply and crudely displays vulnerability and sadness in front of everyone.

People have a natural sense of security towards things that are regular and orderly.

2016年，李燎从妻子那听到她老板讲的一个秘诀，说每天做八件事，就会成功。李燎很想成功，于是开始实施这个方法，从2016 年开始每天做八件事，并将这八件事情记录下来，包括做晚饭、打包行李、和爸爸喝酒、学习英语等事无巨细的事情。

李燎《每天八件事》 2018-2019，胶带，荧光笔 ，整体尺寸可变

这个记录中也包含了他《做更好的人》这一项目。李燎非常渴望成为一个中产，在观察中产具备的普遍符号后，决定开始实施一系列计划。他选择在一年的时间里每天健身、每天学英语，并严格模拟妻子的作息时间，朝九晚九，学习过上一个中产的生活。

李燎《做更好的人》2019，单频录像（彩色，有声）189'45"

李燎以视频的方式展现了锻炼后得来的腹肌并配上 60 篇《新概念英语》课文，又将自己的完美腹肌如战利品形塑成希腊雕塑般的汉白玉石像，这成为李燎内外兼修的象征。

通过颇具寓言意味和自嘲式的行动，李燎对家庭生产、社会生产及艺术生产的评价机制提出观察与质疑

In 2016, Li Liao learned a secret from his wife's boss, saying that success would come from doing eight things every day. Eager for success, Li began to implement this method, recording daily activities from 2016, including making dinner, packing, drinking with his father, and learning English, among other detailed tasks.

Li Liao's "Eight Things Every Day" 2018-2019, tape, highlighter, overall size variable

This record also includes his "Becoming a Better Person" project. Li, longing to become middle-class after observing common symbols of the middle class, decided to embark on a series of plans. He chose to work out and learn English daily for a year, strictly following his wife's schedule from 9 to 9, to live a middle-class life.

Li Liao's "Becoming a Better Person" 2019, single-channel video (color, sound) 189'45"

Li showcased his post-workout abs alongside 60 lessons from "New Concept English," then sculpted his perfect abs into a marble statue reminiscent of Greek sculpture, symbolizing his improvement both inside and out.

Through his fable-like and self-mocking actions, Li Liao questions and observes the evaluation mechanisms of family production, social production, and artistic production.

Reflected in profanity, this involves comparing someone to widely regarded "inferior" entities (such as animals, slaves, etc.), or making derogatory remarks about female relatives of the other party.

Of course, within the range of profanity, there exist many terms that directly imply sexual relations between the parties involved (such as the verb form of "fuck"), which is actually also a manifestation of ethical consciousness, requiring no special analysis. It's only necessary to distinguish this from the behavior of bonobos using sexual intercourse to ease conflicts.

1. Profanities generated under the consciousness of hierarchy mainly follow this practical principle:

After developing self-awareness, humans establish a self-centered dominance system. On an individual level, this ranges from things one can completely dominate to those one cannot at all, forming a system that judges the strength of materials based on one's ability to control them. The easier it is to dominate something, the weaker it is assumed to be. This is entirely consistent with the logic of a street dog deciding whether it can kill its opponent to determine its tail-wagging behavior.

This dominance system, when humans became social animals, automatically evolved into a "hierarchy system," i.e., "the strong are noble, the weak are inferior."

As human groups became larger and militarized, no species on Earth could be stronger than humans. An animal that a human can't kill can always be killed by a missile force. Therefore, according to the aforementioned standards of hierarchy, animal nouns (such as beast)—except for dogs raised by Genghis Khan—became associated with profanity.

With the emergence of scale and militarization, naturally, there were leaders and followers, thus class emerged. It became natural that, for a certain class (according to the individual's self-identified class), human attribute nouns considered lower than one's class (such as the widely used "cheap person" in Chinese) would be considered profanity when applied to oneself.

2. Profanities under ethical consciousness appeared much later than those under the consciousness of hierarchy. This category of profanity had to be established after the emergence of families and private property. For descriptions of families and private property, see Engels' "The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State." Honestly, Mr. Engels' article beautifully explains the consciousness background from "royal mother's vagina" to "fuck your brother-in-law." I am not a communist, yet I find the life of Marx and Engels to be like a million-watt laser light descending from the sky.

Simply put, after the emergence of families and private property, the amount of private property created a rights relationship similar to the aforementioned "hierarchy." This rights relationship doesn't necessarily completely align with social power and social "hierarchy" (scholars, peasants, artisans, merchants). But by paying enough property, one can indeed do as one pleases.

Different from the power structure of leaders and followers in hunting teams, the property that emerged after private property became an inheritable resource of rights. Based on its inheritable nature, it naturally compels the owner to decide on his heirs. At this point, the "family" system, which can clearly determine the material coming out of a woman's vagina has a direct genetic relationship with the male sperm provider (facilitating the determination of responsibilities between men and women, not a patriarchal dominance recognition), naturally had to be established.

On this basis, slandering the female parent of the other party can deny the other's property and right to inheritance. Cutting off someone's financial path is worse than killing their parents. Naturally, the slandered party would feel resentful. So, this derogatory greeting to the female parent became profanity.

To deny the slander, the slandered party would create concepts like "chastity" and "human relations." The consciousness of ethics began to emerge, and the vagina of a woman gradually became tied to inheritance rights. Therefore, not only the female parent but all female members of the family (in societal norms) cannot be subject to sexual slander, and terms like "virgin sister" became profanity.

Based on the consciousness that "the party being fucked bears ethical responsibility" and "being fucked becomes dirty," the act of fucking also became an insult from the fucking party to the fucked party, turning into profanity. At this point, even a perfectly heterosexual man saying "fuck your brother-in-law" is swearing (excluding factors of sexual orientation discrimination, which belongs to the aforementioned class consciousness of hierarchy).

Profanity is tied to sex, inheritance rights, and the hierarchy of social status.

The ideas about the work mentioned above are actually just a part of many ideas. Currently, what I hope for the most is to create a work about swear words through video. I will conduct more research, such as observing in which aspects of my daily life I swear, as well as when my friends swear. I hope my work can be more sincere; technique is not important. In this process, I hope I can fully present my feelings about swear words in the work.

2.观察一下大街上走过的人，或者餐厅吃饭的人的行为模式，观察他们是否在公共场合有很一些私密的行为或者习惯。当他们在做一些私密行为又意识到有人在看他们时，会作何反应？

3.调研一下人们在不同程度的私密空间里行为模式的不同。比如：从私密程度最高的厕所，到家里的客厅，公交，学校的教室，餐厅，医院。用表格问卷的方式来调研大家在不同空间里最喜欢做什么。

1.Investigate the situations in which people generally feel embarrassed or have a desire to disengage from a group. This may require distributing some surveys.

2.Observe the behavior patterns of people walking on the street or eating in restaurants, to see if they engage in any private behaviors or habits in public spaces. How do they react when they realize someone is watching them while they are engaging in private actions?

3.Research how people's behavior patterns differ in spaces of varying degrees of privacy. For example, from the most private space of a bathroom to a living room at home, buses, school classrooms, restaurants, and hospitals. Use survey questionnaires to research what people like to do most in different spaces.

2.Freud Museum

3.在各种集会和游行时观察人们的行为

4.Tate museum

1. Various public places. Currently, I am most interested in visiting supermarkets, gyms, public lectures, various restaurants, or cinemas, and exhibition halls. I can observe people's behavior patterns in these places.

2. Freud Museum

3. Observe people's behavior during various gatherings and protests

4. Tate Museum