TPL2141-Tri1 (2210) 2022/2023-Wed 12pm by OngLY

Get 5 friends (from SAME LAB session) to create your team.

lyong — 2022-09-18 14:20:13 UTC

1. You may use this platform to call out to your friends if you need a group. Leave your communication ways in here to let others get to you.
2. If you need to recruit members to get 5, please leave your communication way here to let the interested friend to contact you.

2022-09-19 02:55:20 UTC

Does anyone have a spot in their group ? My contact is 017-2668505.

Finding an amazing group 1AL

2022-09-25 09:59:51 UTC

Does anyone have an extra slot allow me to join? Contact info: 0167912772 (Esmond)

Looking for a group

2022-09-25 10:37:58 UTC

Hi i am looking for a group to join. My contact number is 011-10437331 (Iffah) thanks

Looking for a group

2022-09-26 02:35:21 UTC

Hi everyone, im Zaim and im looking for a group to join. My contact is 0176518055

Looking for a group

2022-09-26 03:12:05 UTC

Hi, My name is So Jin Boon. I would like to find or create a group. Here is my phone number: 016 921 3348. Feel free to WhatsApp me. Thanks.

Looking For Group

2022-09-26 16:36:54 UTC

Hi, My name is Anish , I looking for group this will be my contact information 0129437273. Feel free to contact me , Never gonna let you down :rickroll: out

Looking for a group to join from Lab session 1AL

2022-09-26 20:47:15 UTC

Hi, I'm Mohammad Tarig. I'm looking for a group to join. Anyone need a member from Lab session 1AL, contact me through email: 1201103326@student.mmu.edu.my.

Looking for a group

2022-09-27 02:11:10 UTC

Hi, my name is Edward Yap. I want to find a group. This is my phone number: 0132895586. Feel free to WhatsApp me.

Looking for 2 more group member

2022-09-27 06:36:29 UTC

0107925573 (yixuan)

Hello, I'm Sulaiman Alomari Contact No. +60167063731 Email: 1201303064@student.mmu.edu.my

2022-09-27 12:48:22 UTC

looking for a group

Looking for a group 1AL

2022-09-27 17:30:24 UTC

Hello, I am looking for a group to join. My contact number is 011-21579978 (Suthan) thanks

Looking for group

2022-09-29 03:05:06 UTC

Hye my name is Jobert Guan Bong, im looking for group, whatsapp 0126817109

Hello, Im [Ahmed husham],Im looking for a group, If there is a spot hit me up. Contact me on 1211300006@student.mmu.edu.my or my whatsapp +97433881036

2022-09-29 10:12:25 UTC

Looking for a member

2022-10-03 08:43:34 UTC

Hello. We need one last member for our group (1AL). If you want to join us, contact me on 1201103326@student.mmu.edu.my

Group 5 ABC

2022-10-06 14:02:48 UTC

2022-10-07 08:41:45 UTC

We are looking for one last group member to join us.
We are group 6.

Group 4 Millionaire Club

2022-10-07 09:34:17 UTC

Group 3 Big Brain

2022-10-07 11:12:39 UTC

Group 6 Hamboola_1201301951

1201301951 — 2022-10-07 11:55:24 UTC

Group 7 - PL Gang

2022-10-07 14:15:21 UTC

Group 1 Strangers & Things

2022-10-10 07:01:14 UTC

Millionaire Club

2022-10-12 05:14:59 UTC

5. Consider the programming languages you have learned, categorized into the four bins: imperative, functional, logic, and Markup/programming hybrid.

1)Imperative / Procedural

Java, JavaScript, Visual BASIC .NET, C++

2) Functional Main
(We never learn any of it)

3)Logic Rule-based (rules are specified in no particular order) Example: Prolog

4)Markup/programming hybrid Markup languages
(We never learn)

PL Gang

2022-10-12 05:15:45 UTC

10. What is the disadvantage of having too many features in a language?

If a language has a large number of different constructs, some programmers might not be familiar with all of them. This situation can lead to a misuse of some features and a disuse of others that may be either more elegant or more efficient, or both, than those that are used. If a programming language gets too complex, the readability, write-ability, and cost of supporting the language increase exponentially.

group 6 hamboola!! question 11

2022-10-12 05:17:54 UTC

11. Explain two reasons why pure interpretations is an acceptable implementation method for several recent scripting languages.

It is batch-oriented and not used in critical systems.

ABC

2022-10-12 05:18:04 UTC

7. Discuss the methods of implementing the programming languages.

Compilation

o High-level language (C++) is translated into machine language

o Create executable file

o Use: Large commercial applications

Pure Interpretation

o Converts the source code line-by-line during RUN Time.

o Original programs are interpreted by another program known as an interpreter (scripts embedded in HTML)

o Use: Small programs or when efficiency is not an issue

Hybrid Implementation Systems

o A compromise between compilers and pure interpreters

o Translates high-level languages into intermediate forms (byte code), which are then interpreted (Java Virtual Machine)

o Use: Small and medium systems when efficiency is not the first concern

Question 8 - BIG BRAIN

2022-10-12 05:18:06 UTC

Why do you need to use the programming environments? Use an example of programming environment to support your opinion.

Generally, a programming environment mixes hardware and software that allows a developer to build applications. For example, Developers usually work on Codeblock or similar IDEs that connect them with all the features necessary to write and test their code correctly.

Strangers & Things

2022-10-12 05:24:06 UTC

12. Why, in your opinion, do new scripting languages appear more frequently than compiled languages? Explain with example

ans - Yes, because scripting language are often smaller and simpler and focused on more narrow applications, which means their libraries need not be nearly as large. For example, C, C++(compiled language) and PHP, JavaScript (scripting language).

List of the most popular programming languages that will be in demand in 2022.

1. Javascript
..
6. PHP
..
11. C and C++

PL Gang

1191102754 — 2022-10-19 04:51:27 UTC

7c) A = A + ( B * ( C ) )

=> =

=> A =

=> A = +

=> A = A +

=> A = A + ()

=> A = A + ( * )

=> A = A + (B * )

=> A = A + (B * ())

=> A = A + (B * (C))

Big Brain - Question 7 a) A = A * ( B * ( C + A ) )

2022-10-19 04:53:06 UTC

=> =
=> A = *
=> A = A * ()
=> A = A * ( * )
=> A = A * ( B * ( ) )
=> A = A * ( B * ( + ) )
=> A = A * ( B * ( C + ) )
=> A = A * ( B * ( C + A ) )

ABC Q5

2022-10-19 04:57:30 UTC

5. List out all the properties of the following grammar:

-> {} class

-> public | abstract | final

ANS:
Start:

Terminal: final, abstract, public, class, { }
Non-Terminal: , , ,
Rules: -> {} class
-> public | abstract | final

Hamboola Q2

1201301951 — 2022-10-19 05:01:49 UTC

1. Identify the lexemes and tokens from the following programming codes.

Millionaire Club

2022-10-19 05:09:38 UTC

Question 6

Design the grammar (BNF) that accepts the sentences with the mathematical operations: multiplication (*) and addition (+).

1 .-> + | *
-> A | B | C | D
-> 2 | 4

2.->
-> +| *
-> A | B | C | D

3.->
-> * | +
-> 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

Strangers & Things

2022-10-19 05:12:53 UTC

7(b) :
=> =
=> B = *
=> B = C*()
=> B = C*(+)
=> B = C*(A+*)
=> B = C*(A+C*)
=> B = C*(A+C*)
=> B = C*(A+C*B)

Question 2 (Millionaire Club)

2022-10-26 04:20:33 UTC

What are the primary tasks of a lexical analyzer?
In short, lexical analyzers find lexemes ( character sequences) and group them into tokens. Additionally, The lexical analyzer is responsible for removing the white spaces and comments from the source program. It corresponds to the error messages with the source program. It helps to identify the tokens. The input characters are read by the lexical analyzer from the source code.

It also helps to identify tokens in the symbol table. Symbol Table is an important data structure created and maintained by the compiler in order to keep track of the semantics of variables i.e. it stores information about the scope and binding information about names, information about instances of various entities such as variables and functions names, classes, objects, etc.

Question 6 (PL gang)

1201101486 — 2022-10-26 05:12:33 UTC

Question 9 (millionaire club)

2022-10-26 05:18:59 UTC

The grammar accepts all the string x and y. The x can contain multiple x or single x while the y can have multiple y or single y. The examples are xy, xxy, xyy, xxyy and xxxyyy.

Question 3 (PL gang)

1201101486 — 2022-10-26 05:26:05 UTC

The lexical analyzer works closely with the syntax analyzer. It reads character streams from the source code, checks for legal tokens, and passes the data to the syntax analyzer when it demands. The symbol table can be fetched by parser of the ways they used from time to time. First to remove white space, then extract the lexemes. The pattern of lexeme will tell which token it belongs to. If the token cannot match will generate syntax error. If there is no error, it will pass to parser and process to syntax analyzer.

Question 8 (ABC)

2022-10-26 05:26:56 UTC

If sentence = X*Y*Z
This grammar can generate the sentence(X*Y*Z) with the different parse trees.

Hamboola Q12

1201301951 — 2022-10-26 05:39:07 UTC

We can only build one parse tree for grammar Q whereas grammar P can generate several parse trees, grammar P is ambiguous while grammar Q is unambiguous. const + const + const, is the sentence that we generated for both grammar Q and grammar P.

Question 10 (Strangers & things)

2022-10-26 05:47:35 UTC

-> ab | a b
= non-terminal
ab = terminal

Q11 BIG BRAIN

2022-10-26 05:48:43 UTC

BNF
--> 1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
- >

EBNF: {}, {}*, ( )
=>
=>
=>
=> 123
--> 1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
-> {}*
OR
--> 1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
-> {}

Question 1 (Millionaire Club)

2022-11-02 04:02:19 UTC

Q1. Describe the differences between top-down and bottom-up parsers

Top-down parsing (Recursive Descent) is a parsing technique that first looks at the highest level of the parse tree and works down the parse tree by using the rules of grammar while Bottom-up Parsing (shift-reduce) is a parsing technique that first looks at the lowest level of the parse tree and works up the parse tree by using the rules of grammar.

Top-down parsing attempts to find the leftmost derivations for an input string. Bottom-up parsing can be defined as an attempt to reduce the input string to the start symbol of a grammar (reverse of rightmost deriviation).

Question 3 (Strangers & Thing)

2022-11-02 04:07:09 UTC

Remove left recursion in the following grammar :

A -> ABD | c | b | a | cBD

X = A

Alpha = BD

Beta 1 = c

Beta 2 = b

Beta 3 = a

Beta 4 = cBD

Replace by :

A -> β 1 A’ | β 2 A’ | … | β n A’
A’ -> α 1 A’ | α 2 A’ | … | α m A’ | ε

After remove :

A -> cA ‘ | bA ‘ | aA ‘ | cBDA ‘

A' -> BDA ‘ | null

# DONE

Question 2 (ABC)

2022-11-02 04:13:14 UTC

1. Why left-recursive grammar causes problem to recursive-descent parsing?

recursive descent parsing is a top-down parsing technique and top-down parsers cannot handle left recursion when performing the leftmost derivation. top-down parsers will enter an infinite loop due to left recursion.

E.g.: leftmost derivation
grammar : expr -> expr + term | term
term - > A|B|C

expr => expr + term
=> exprt + term + tem
=> ....

PL Gang

1191102754 — 2022-11-02 04:14:15 UTC

Q4c Hamboola

2022-11-02 04:23:00 UTC

Big Brain

2022-11-02 04:25:26 UTC

Big Brain Q4B

2022-11-02 05:24:34 UTC

Question 2(Milionaire Club)

2022-11-09 04:09:41 UTC

2. In what way are reserved words better than keywords?

A reserved word is a special word of a programming language that cannot be used as a name. As a language design choice, reserved words are better than keywords because the ability to redefine keywords can lead to readability & confusing problems.

Q1 (Millionaires Club) Part 1

2022-11-09 04:09:58 UTC

1. What are the design issues for names? Demonstrate with sample codes and output.

1)Design issues for names: Names in c++ are case-sensitive.
Are names case-sensitive?
Names in c++ are case-sensitive. For example in this program, using x instead of X will give different outputs.

error messages:
C:\Users\User\OneDrive\Desktop\Q1.cpp|7|error: 'X' was not declared in this scope|

Q1 part 2 (Millionaire CLub)

2022-11-09 04:10:50 UTC

2)Are special words, reserved words, or keywords?
Keywords in c++ cannot be a name.
In this program, protected cannot be used as variable names so no output will be shown.

error message:
C:\Users\User\OneDrive\Desktop\Q1.cpp|6|error: expected unqualified-id before 'protected'|
C:\Users\User\OneDrive\Desktop\Q1.cpp|7|error: expected primary-expression before 'protected'|
||=== Build failed: 2 error(s), 0 warning(s) (0 minute(s), 0 second(s)) ===|

Question 3 (PL Gang)

1201101486 — 2022-11-09 04:11:08 UTC

3. Describe binding and binding time.
- A binding is an association between an entity and an attribute, such as between a variable and its type or value, or between an operation and a symbol
- Binding time is the time at which a binding takes place.

Q6 (Millionaire Club)

2022-11-09 04:11:43 UTC

6.Decide which of the following identifier names is valid in C++ language. Why?

a) _Student (valid, the first character can be a underscores.)

b) int (invalid, a reserved word cannot be used as an identifier name because there is a reserved meaning.)

c) Student (valid, the first character can be a letter)

d) 123Student (invalid, the first character cannot start with a digit)

e) Student123 (valid, the first character can be a letter and combine with digits).

Question 4 (PL Gang)

1201101486 — 2022-11-09 04:13:21 UTC

4. What are the six attributes of a variable?
Name, Address, Value, Type, Lifetime, Scope

Question 5(PL Gang)

2022-11-09 04:14:36 UTC

5. What are the processes took place during binding time?

Language design time -- bind operator symbols to operations (symbol * is bound to multiplication).
Compile time -- bind a variable to a type in C or Java.
Load time -- bind a C or C++ static variable to a memory cell.
Link time -- multiple object codes (machine code files) and libraries are combined into one executable.
Runtime -- bind a non static local variable to a memory cell.

Question 8 (ABC)

2022-11-09 04:21:53 UTC

Consider the following JavaScript skeletal program, what is the value of x displayed
in function sub1 by using static-scoping and dynamic-scoping rules?
var x;
function sub1() {
document.write("x = " + x + "
");
}
function sub2() {
var x;
x = 10;
sub1();
}
x = 5;
sub2();

Ans:

Using static scoping: x=5. The static parent of sub 1 is main where declaration is found. X in sub 1 is ignored as it is not in static ancestry of sub 2.

Using dynamic scoping: x=10. Dynamic scoping is based on calling sequence of subprograms and not spatial relationship to each other. Thus, sub 1 will search its dynamic parent which is sub 2.

Big Brain (Q7)

2022-11-09 04:26:59 UTC

Q7) Some programming languages are typeless. What are the obvious advantages and

disadvantages of having no types in a language? Demonstrate with sample codes and

output.

The advantage of a typeless language is flexibility; any variable can be used for any type values.

The disadvantage is poor reliability due to the ease with which type errors can be made, coupled with the impossibility of type checking detecting them.

Rexx sample program

1. Add is a function defined to add 2 numbers.

2. In the main program, the values of 5 and 6 is used as parameters to the add function.

3. The exit keyword is used to exit from the main program. This is used to differentiate the main program from the add function.

4. The add function is differentiated with the ‘:’ symbol.

5. The parse statement is used to parse the incoming arguments.

6. Finally, the return statement is used to return the sum of the numeric values.

Hamboola Q 10

1201301951 — 2022-11-09 04:30:23 UTC

a) a derived from main

b derived from fun1

c derived from fun2

d e f derived from fun3

Strangers & Things QUES 9

2022-11-09 04:30:50 UTC

Pointer 1 :
b,c,d defined “definition 2” ; (visible)
a defined “definition 1” ; (hidden)
e doesn’t exist.

Pointer 2 :
c, d, e defined “ definition 3”; (visible)
b defined “definition 2”; (hidden)
a defined “definition 1”. (hidden)

Pointer 3:
b, c, d defined “definition 2” ; (visible)
a defined “definition 1” ; (hidden)
e doesn’t exist.

Pointer 4:
a, b, c defined “definition 1”. (visible)
D and e doesn’t exist.

PL Gang

1201101486 — 2022-12-07 03:43:35 UTC

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1puGWIKJ1RK5dsSrMFsIqK3oh632W4ib-BaV7k4gOBTE/edit

Strangers & Things

2022-12-07 04:05:08 UTC

Millionaire Club

2022-12-07 04:05:15 UTC

Group ABC

2022-12-07 04:11:55 UTC

Big Brain

2022-12-07 04:14:46 UTC

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EEe4iQR45UoYvTWnNCM0wn5ImmwHkF7BkPSFAXd2WNo/edit?usp=sharing

Hamboola

1201301951 — 2022-12-07 04:17:40 UTC

Millionaire Club

2022-12-14 02:41:41 UTC

Strangers & Things

2022-12-14 03:33:36 UTC

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gteiVfVNZ5GrF1TVA_R2o_PWbrfDQreh/edit

ABC

2022-12-14 03:51:22 UTC

PL Gang

2022-12-14 04:08:56 UTC

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MWA17IEiQntt9kqosCfQzer7f7BGeFmIoJ0RFbnWReU/edit

hamboola

2022-12-14 04:09:13 UTC

Strangers & Things

2022-12-14 04:17:11 UTC

Millionaire Club

2022-12-15 02:25:15 UTC

ABC

2022-12-15 03:26:48 UTC

PL Gang

1201101486 — 2022-12-15 03:48:51 UTC

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BBGO2Lud2C7eL2PvpMDeAt4wmEXFoEfSv3iW53sFxcE/edit?usp=sharing

Stranger & Things

2022-12-15 04:15:15 UTC

Big Brain

2022-12-15 04:16:47 UTC

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Fu_RSPvBsHv-W79Z83ciopji5LH6SA0h/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=101488311376627831577&rtpof=true&sd=true

Hamboola

1201301951 — 2022-12-15 05:06:22 UTC