2.  In the video, what three things are listed necessary for the initiation of transcription?

3.  What determines an organism's phenotype? (this is super important to understand, note that is has been mentioned multiple times in the videos!!)

4.  All cells in an organism have the same ___________, but only certain tissues have the __________________   _______________ that turn on regulatory genes.

5.  How can small RNA molecules (these are the microRNAs I referred to in class the other day) regulate gene expression? (Give at least two ways)

6.  STOP and pause the video at 4:50, write the correct answer to the practice question here.

    1.  What is a mutation?
    2.  What are the various gene mutations?
    3.  What effect do mutations have on nucleic acids or proteins and phenotypes?
    4.   When a gene is transcribed and translated, what is produced?  

    5. True or False:  DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral.  Explain.
    6.   What is the primary source of genetic variation within a population?

    7.   Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype through _________ ______________________.
    8.   Deletions and insertions  ________ the __________ of the gene sequence.
STOP the video at 6:50 minutes.  Read the problem and try and solve it.
    9.  Explain the solution.
   

    1.  How does a DNA mutation occur?
    2.  How do errors during mitosis or meiosis result in changes in the phenotype of a cell or organism?
    3.  What determines if a mutation is detrimental, neutral or beneficial?
    4.     Name four causes of random mutation.

    5.   Explain the difference between triploidy and polyploidy.
    6.   What is Trisomy21?  Turner's Syndrome?

    7.  What can polyploidy cause in plants?  Explain banana vs strawberry example.
   

    1.  How are changes in genotype subject to natural selection?
    2.  What are horizontal acquisitions of genetic information?
    3.  What reproduction processes increase genetic variability?
    4.    Define Natural Selection.

    5.   What is "Naked DNA"?
    6.   What happens to the Naked DNA during transformation?  (Include a labeled drawing in your explanation)

    7.  What happens to foreign DNA during transduction?  (Include a labeled drawing in your explanation)
   8.  Draw, label and explain conjugation.
   9.  Name the four different ways DNA can move between and within during transposition. (Include a labeled drawing in your explanation)
   10.  New viruses can have _____ new viral combinations (Ex. virus 3)
   11.  Sexual reproduction, independent assortment and crossing over all can lead to increasing _____________  _________________.

   

    1.  Electrophoresis separates molecules by _____________ and ____________
    2.  DNA is _____________ charged
    3.  Which size fragments of DNA move faster through the gel?
    4. What are some uses for gel electrophoresis?

    5. PCR is used to ________________ DNA
    6. List and DESCRIBE the three steps in PCR:

    7. Bacterial transformation introduces ________________ ______________ into ______
    8. The foreign DNA may integrate into the bacteria’s ______________________ or it may remain as a plasmid in the cell’s _______________________
    9. DNA Sequencing determines the order of _________________________
   10. DNA Sequencing is important in ____________________, ___________________ and _______________________________

STOP the video at 5:55  Why is there no growth on plate II?