MOLECULAR GENETICS by 3biobritish c1 https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5 Central dogma of molecular biology en-us 2019-04-05 16:58:13 UTC 2024-07-19 10:43:04 UTC hello@padlet.com DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 3biobritishc1 https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/349009680 is the substance that carries genetic information ion a cell, it consist of two chromatin strands in a double helix pattern.

Where?
eukaryotic cells- nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast
prokaryotic cells- cytoplasm

Components:
1-Nitrogenous base:
adenine (A), guanine (G)---- with the same structure (purines)
cytosine (C), thymine (T)----with the same structure (pyrimidines)
A goes always with T
G goes always with C

2-Phosphate (P)
3- Deoxyribose 

Structure:
-DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides
- join together:
A goes always with T
G goes always with C
-they are twisted around each other in the shape of a double helix
- the nitrogenous bases are linked together by hydrogen bonds.


]]> 2019-04-05 17:00:02 UTC https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/349009680 REPLICATION 3biobritishc1 https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/349583295
Is a semiconservative process in which the DNA is duplicated, making an identical copy in the S stage of the cell circle.

WHERE?
Eukaryotic- nucelus
Prokaryotic- cytoplasm

COMPONENTS
1.Enzymes
Helicase
Primase
DNA polymerase
Leading strand
Lagging strand Okazaki fragments
DNA bases
Enzyme exonuclease
Enzyme DNA ligase
2.DNA template
3. Nitrogenos bases
DNA bases: A,T,C,G
 RNA bases: A,U,C,G

STAGES
Stage 1
separation of the 2 strands of DNA, forming the replication fork by the helicase.
Stage 2
1. Leading strand (5'---3'): the primase makes the primer which is made of small pieces of RNA. DNA polymerase looks for the primer and adds the different DNA bases from 5'--3'. It is continuous.
2.Lagging strand: It's not continuous. It should be in small fragments callled Okazaki fragments. Each of it needs a primer.
Stage 3
Exonuclease removes the primer (RNA bases) in both strands.
 Stage 4 
DNA polymerase again, fills the gaps with DNA bases
Stage 5
DNA ligase joints all the fragments of DNA.

]]> 2019-04-08 16:17:05 UTC https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/349583295 RNA (ribonucleic acid) 3biobritishc1 https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/349583296 It consists of a single chain which has ribose nucleotides instead of deoxyribose nucleotides.

WHERE?
Eukaryotic- cytoplasm and nucleous
Prokaryotic- cytoplasm

COMPONENTS
-Ribose
-Phosphate
-Nitrogenous bases: (A) adeine, (U) uracile, (G) guanine and       
 (C) cytosine.

TYPES
-MESSENGER RNA (mRNA): This is a copy of the genetic message from the DNA that is needed to synthesise a protein.
-RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA): This forms part of the ribosomes. Here amino acids are joined together to make protein chains.
-TRANSFER RNA (tRNA): This transports the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes. Its role is to attach specific amino acids to the protein chains that are being synthesised at the ribosomes.]]> 2019-04-08 16:17:05 UTC https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/349583296 TRANSCRIPTION 3biobritishc1 https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/357028669

Is the process in which the DNA is transformed into RNA

WHERE
Eukaryotic- nucleous
Prokaryotic- cytoplasm

COMPONENTS
-DNA
-Phosphate
-DNA bases: A,T,C,G
-Ribose
-RNA polymerase
-RNA bases:A,U,C,G

STAGES
1-Initiation:
The RNA polymerase look for the promoter and separates the two strands of DNA. The transcription take places at the end of the promoter.
2-Elongation:
The complementary RNA strand is synthesise from 5´ to 3´.
The DNA is only widen or separated where the RNA is joined.The elongation ends when it reaches the termination site.
3-Termination:
The RNA polymerase reaches the termination site. The RNAis release.]]> 2019-05-06 02:42:14 UTC https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/357028669 PROTEINS 3biobritishc1 https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/357350410 organic compound that consists of long chains of molecules and is an essential part of all living things 

1 amino acid
peptid:
2-10 oligopeptid
11-99 polypeptid
more than 100 proteins
- we have 20 different amino acids
two types of amino acids:
-essential: we eat
-non essential: we produce



GENETIC CODE:]]> 2019-05-06 19:00:31 UTC https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/357350410 TRANSLATION 3biobritishc1 https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/357359067 Is the process in which the RNA is transformed into proteins.

WHERE?
Eukaryotic-  cytoplasm, RER
Prokaryotic- cytoplasm

COMPONENTS
mRNA (template)
rRNA (ribosomes)
tRNA (amino acids)
Release factor
Poly-A-tail

STAGES
1-Initiation:
Small unit of ribosome recognise the CAP (5') and attavhes de initiation site (AUG). The tRNA with MET joins the codon. The large unit of ribosome joins the small one and the tRNA is placed on th, te P-site of the ribosome.
2-Elongation:
The second tRNA occupies the A-site complementary to the second tRNA codon. The MET is transfered to the A-sitr aa, the first tRNA exists, the ribosome moves along the mRNA and the next tRNA enters.
The growing peptid is continiously  transfered to the A-site tRNA, the ribosome moves along the mRNA and new tRNA enters. When the STOP codon is placed in the A-site, a release factor enters the A-site.
3-Termination:
The ribosome dissociates and the newly formedprotein is released.]]> 2019-05-06 19:21:27 UTC https://padlet.com/3biobritishc1/vcdldn0x0gu5/wish/357359067