https://padlet.com/fs973451/v8u1hqy9sonshu6p en-us 2022-10-12 02:24:17 UTC 2022-10-19 02:53:19 UTC hello@padlet.com fs973451 https://padlet.com/fs973451/v8u1hqy9sonshu6p/wish/2336299495 Stage 1 - SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth to 2 years):
Children use the 5 senses to explore the world
Focus on OBJECT PERMANENCE
= awareness that objects continue to exist even when you can’t see them. 
Before 6 MONTHS: child believes that the object has disappeared when they can’t see it.
By 8 MONTHS: child will search for it and exhibits memory for things that are no longer insight 

Stage 2 - PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2 to 6 years):
Child learns to use language but cannot perform mental operations or concrete logic
Focus on PRETEND PLAY, CONSERVATION and EGOCENTRISM
1. PRETEND PLAY
= where children are playing ‘as if’ something or someone is real 
2. CONSERVATION
= principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remains the same despite changes in form of objects. Children CANNOT conserve at this stage.
3. EGOCENTRISM 
= inability of the child to take another’s points of view 

Stage 3 - CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7 to 11 years):
= child is beginning to think logically and rationally but tend to be limited to thinking about physical objects 
Focus on CONSERVATION, DECENTRATION, THEORY OF MIND, MATHEMATICS, REVERSIBILITY and CONCRETE LOGIC
1. CONSERVATION
= know that something can stay the same even though it looks different 
2. DECENTRATION
= child can concentrate on several factors at the same time 
3. THEORY OF MIND
= ability to see things from another person’s perspective 
4. CAN COMPREHEND MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS
5. REVERSIBILITY
= child learns that some things that have been changed can return to their original state
6. CAN THINK LOGICALLY ABOUT CONCRETE EVENTS

Stage 4 - FORMAL OPERATIONAL (12 years to adulthood):
The way we think now
What we can do now:
1. Deduce consequences
2. Consider hypothetical propositions 
3. Think systematically
4. Pros and cons
5. Reasoning ability expands to abstract thinking (imagined realities and symbols)


Stage 1: SENSORIMOTOR 
Stage 2: PREOPERATIONAL
Stage 3: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL 
Stage 4: FORMAL OPERATIONAL]]> 2022-10-12 02:50:47 UTC https://padlet.com/fs973451/v8u1hqy9sonshu6p/wish/2336299495 erntongyap https://padlet.com/fs973451/v8u1hqy9sonshu6p/wish/2336303914 Young children show attachment:
1. seek closeness to caregiver
2. show distress on separation 

Attachement: emotional tie w another person
- based on familiarity, body contact, responsive parenting
- form during a critical period 
- 60% of infant display secure attachment
- powerful survival impulse that keeps children close to caregivers 

What causes secure/insecure attachment? Outcome?
Secure attachment 
Babies play comfortably & happily explore environment when mum is present
• When mum leaves the room: distressed
 •  When mum returns: seek contact with her 
Causes
Sensitive and responsive mothers: -Notice what babies are doing -Respond appropriately 
Insecure attachment 
Babies less likely to explore their environment 
• cling to mother
 When mum leaves, either 
• cry loudly & remain upset OR • seem indifferent to whether mum comes/ goes 
Causes
Insensitive and unresponsive mothers • Attend to babies when they feel like doing so • But ignore them at other times 


Secure attachment
- Healthy adult relationships (good self-worth, emotional balance,: seek support and comfort from partner, manage conflict well)

Insecure attachment: Ambivalent/Anxious attachment type
- crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection
- struggle to fully trust or rely on another person, lack in self esteem, crave intimacy but don’t want others to be with them Future relationships: an anxious attachment style diminishes social connections and support 

Insecure attachment: Avoidance 
–dismissive of attachment 
Opposite to ambivalent/anxious – rather than crave acceptance – experience discomfort getting close to others & use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others Future relationships: an avoidance attachment style decreases commitment, increases openness to infidelity, and increases conflict


]]> 2022-10-12 02:54:45 UTC https://padlet.com/fs973451/v8u1hqy9sonshu6p/wish/2336303914 marcodevito360 https://padlet.com/fs973451/v8u1hqy9sonshu6p/wish/2346228901 1. Authoritarian (coercive). Impose rules and expect obedience (eg. “because i say so”.
  Resulting in children having less social skills, self-esteem and fear of failure.

2. Permissive (unrestraining). Few demands and little punishment (eg. Submit to their children’s desires). 
Resulting in children being aggressive and immature.

3. Negligent (uninvolved). Uninvolved, careless. (eg. Not demanding and responsive. 
Resulting in children having poor academic and social outcome. , criminal and psychological problem.

4. Authoritative (confrontative). Demanding and responsive. (Eg. Explain rules, discussion). 
Resulting in children having highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence. 


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