Literature review by Alexandria Feltner

How do parasitic diseases affect different age groups within different geographical areas?

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economically

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genologically

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geophraphically

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high vs. low

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Are worse in poorer areas

(steinmann et al, 2010)

(rayan et al, 2010)

(beknazarova et al, 2016)

urban vs rural

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in children aged 5 to 11; 100 were from an urban setting while 95 were from a rural community (Rayan et al, 2010, P. 499)

, fecal samples were collected and examined. The key findings were, with both macroscopic and microscopic, the prevalence in urban children were higher, with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura being the most notable difference.

against vs with α+-thalassaemia

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The findings of this were that the gene had no effect on mild malaria but had protection against severe cases (Wambua et al, 2006, P. 647).

tropical, and subtropical (living conditions)

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multiparasitism is widespread especially in tropical regions, it has a strong link to poverty

(Steinmann et al, 2010)

Some key conclusions are that strongyloidiasis is mainly restricted to tropical and subtropical areas. In these areas this disease is strongly associated with poor sanitary and living conditions.

(Beknazarova et al, 2016)

stunting

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stunting, then the correlations between parasites, nutrition, the immune system, and the microbiome that alters growth can be a factor in stunting

(Gabain et at, 2023)

climate change and childeren

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an increased risk of disease from food insecurity and malnutrition, forced migration, toxic exposure, and lower educational results (Helldén et al, 2021, P. 167).

emergence and adaptation of zoonotic parasitic diseases

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All the conditions; deforestation, human settlement, development, water control systems, and climate, have been in correlation with a positive morbidity and mortality from more parasitic diseases. There are more things that affect the prevalence; changes in land use and settlement, changes in type of soil and its degree of water absorption, vegetation characteristics, the types and amounts of bodies of water, their size, shape, temperature, pH, flow, movement, sedimentation and proximity to vegetation and changes in climate

(Patz et al, 2000, P. 1396)

preschool children in West Africa is the risk of anaemia correlated with malnutrition, malaria, and helminth infections

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. A map also includes that certain geographical areas are more prevalent than others with red being the highest as >0.95, most prevalent in the middle of Africa (Soares et al, 2011, P. 4). This is important because it shows that young children with anaemia are more likely to have parasitic diseases.

. They combined data from four communities in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, and the United Republic of Tanzania during 2010–2016, with random selection, with preventative chemotherapy.

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Then the infection was placed on two slides prepared from each participant’s first stool using the Kato–Katz technique, then they assessed the subjects before and after treatment using the Bayesian regression method. With these methods they found that after treatment when the prevalence of 9–12-year-olds was under 10%, the prevalence of 5–8-year-olds was consistently under 10% after. Then when the prevalence on 9–12-year-olds is under 50%, the prevalence of adults after two or four rounds was 10-%15% lower than before chemotherapy

(Wiegand et al, 2024 P. 265).

ticks

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. The key findings are that there are treatments that help and vaccines to prevent Lyme disease and that these are in more forested areas. The MilTICK testing is faster than the hospitals, so any pathogens present can be detected. This shows the advancements and ways to protect against the diseases ticks carry, and if you do get bit their things you can do, that is why it is important. The reason I can use this is because it shows how in a certain area this parasite is more common in 15 of the 50 states., so it gives a perception of outdoor workers, employers, and community health workers are more at risk

(Thomson et al, 2024)