https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d en-us 2021-01-21 02:03:59 UTC 2023-03-07 03:24:40 UTC hello@padlet.com patel3715 https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108256905 The image shown on the linked webpage below shows the personality trait map that Gall and his followers believed determined each human's character and behavior (around 1796²). Each section had its own human trait, and only that section was responsible for that trait.

The source that is linked¹ contains an interactive version of the image depicted below where when you click on a section of the brain, it will take you to a page that explained what that section of the brain was believed to say about a person.

Source:
(1)
https://cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenmap.htm
(2)
https://theconversation.com/neuroscientists-put-the-dubious-theory-of-phrenology-through-rigorous-testing-for-the-first-time-88291#:~:text=Nobody%20really%20believes%20that%20the,popular%20in%20the%2019th%20century.]]> 2021-01-21 02:12:16 UTC https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108256905 patel3715 https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257181 This video made in 1936 is an interesting artifact because it was not too long ago that this idea that is now considered a pseudoscience was once believed by so many.

The video depicts a man giving a phrenological reading to a young girl, and then goes into showing how different sections of the skull represent certain traits, as well as what even a head shape can say about an individual.¹

Source:
(1)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCDXmf_KWNY]]> 2021-01-21 02:12:29 UTC https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257181 patel3715 https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257626 Crania Americana is a book written by Samuel George Morton in 1839 proposing that each race has its own character, and this is related to their precise skull shapes.¹

The ideas that he proposed in this book are undoubtedly controversial, because it assigns specific attributes to each race and makes generalizations. Back when the book was first published however, it was endorsed by even Charles Darwin, who saw Morton as an authority on the subject matter of race.¹

The picture below² shows just two pages of this book in which two different skulls of Native Americans are measured and recorded.

Source:
(1)
https://www.zmescience.com/other/crania-americana-influential-book-scientific-racism/
(2)
https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-60411930R-bk#page/150/mode/2up]]> 2021-01-21 02:12:48 UTC https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257626 patel3715 https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257720 Ideas of an outward characteristic determining who a person was on the inside didn't just begin with phrenology. Aristotle, in 4th century BC believed that facial features were indicative of personality type. This study was known as physiognomy.¹

An example of what Aristotle believed was forehead size. A high forehead meant the individual was "sluggish," a broad forehead meant "excitable," small foreheads meant "fickle," and a bulgy forehead meant the person was quick-tempered.¹

The second source² below shows a whole website on what Aristotle documented as each and every outward facial character trait, and what that determines about that person.

Source:
(1)
https://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2017/03/can-aristotle-guess-personality-face.html
(2)
https://www.exclassics.com/arist/arist63.htm]]> 2021-01-21 02:12:53 UTC https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257720 patel3715 https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257786 Colin DeYoung at the University of Minnesota and Jeremy Gray of Yale have been using a brain scanner to find evidence of what they call the "big five" personality traits. This refers to the idea that every human is just a mix of five traits: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness/intellect, and conscientiousness.¹

Their study of over 100 volunteers was testing to see if the size of the cluster of neurons that was "in charge" of a trait correlated to the most dominant personality trait of a given individual. For example, an extroverted person may have larger than normal brain regions that are associated with sensitivity to reward, which is exactly what they did find.¹

The image below² shows the brain scans of patients whose dominating traits appeared in the associated ROI(s) (Region(s) Of Interest).

Source:
(1)
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/were-only-human/the-new-phrenology.html#:~:text=Phrenology%20is%20considered%20pseudoscience%20today,era's%20prevailing%20views%20of%20personality.&text=But%20neuroscientists%20today%20are%20using,localized%20in%20different%20brain%20regions.
(2)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049165/]]> 2021-01-21 02:12:55 UTC https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108257786 patel3715 https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108258076 The best individual to guide you through this exhibit is none other than the father of phrenology himself, Franz Joseph Gall.¹

Phrenology officially originated with Gall in the late 1700s, then later popularized again by Gall's assistant.²
Gall believed that the brain was not one single homogenous structure, but actually a system of distinct "organs," each with their own role.¹

Gall's earlier studies of people's skulls were done on criminals and inmates, and he found  "organs" of murder, theft, and others. Other "organs" he determined by studying the brains of his friends and would attribute head bumps that they had in common to then personality traits that they had in common as well. Through these practices, Gall determined that there were 26 organs and he mapped each distinctively on a map.¹

Source:
(1)
https://www.britannica.com/topic/phrenology
(2)
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-phrenology-2795251]]> 2021-01-21 02:13:10 UTC https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1108258076 patel3715 https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1117789865 The Fowler Brothers saw phrenology as an entrepreneurial opportunity, and phrenology rose to popularity because of them in the 1860s and 1870s. Their use of phrenology was much less scientific than those prior to them believed in. They would travel all around America to lecture and read heads for a fee.¹

Eventually, it rose to such popularity that employers would want to see a professional character reference from a phrenologist on the employee's character before they were hired, to ensure that the individuals was the right fit for the position.¹

The image shown below¹ is the Fowler's phrenological bust that the abided by (mostly taken from Gall's phrenology)

Source:
(1)
http://www.victorianweb.org/science/phrenology/intro.html]]> 2021-01-24 04:11:42 UTC https://padlet.com/patel3715/v73y87eye0h8j52d/wish/1117789865