To accommodate students with CVI, schools may:

-Provide seating in the front of the classroom.
-Allow tape recorders.
-Writing on board provided orally or duplicated in braille.
-Testing with a reader or assistive technology.
-Provide interpreting materials (photos, diagrams, graphs, charts).
-Textbooks with audio versions.
-Guide dogs permitted in classrooms.
-Volunteer note taker.
(Virginia Western Community College)

Hearing loop
FM systems
Infrared systems
Personal amplifiers

picture board
keyboards
touch. screens
speech-generating devices
text telephone or text telecommunications devices
voice recognition software
captioned telephones

Visual alert signalers 
wake-up alarm systems: ex. flashing lights, horns, gentle shaking remote receivers
portable vibrating pagers 

Shiqi Huang

Shiqi Huang

Text-to-Speech Software is recommended because reading can be a task that triggers an ED student to act up since it can elevate stress levels. By using this software students can listen to material being read which prevents the student from engaging too many brain systems at one time. 

Reminder Devices are recommended since ED students can be easily distracted during lessons. Technology as simple as a vibrating watch can be a good method used to get their attention back without a teacher intervening. This device allows an opportunity for the students to feel more independent. 

Voice Recognition Software is recommended because it can help an ED student to who struggles with writing skills to use their voices to translate their ideas onto paper. This software is perfect for students who lack fine motor skills or the ability to concentrate because it allows the student to stay on task without getting frustrated. 

Talk Light is recommended because it stabilizes the noise environment. It’s a great tool for teachers to use to monitor noise levels in the classroom. ED students can be triggered by loud volumes, so negative behaviour can be avoided if noise volumes are kept in check. 

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Lynch, M. (2018, May 8). Assistive Technology to Help Students with Behavioral Disabilities Succeed Academically - The Edvocate. The Edvocate. https://www.theedadvocate.org/assistive-technology-to-help-students-with-behavioral-disabilities-succeed-academically/

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Talk light too. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved March 19, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxrLjoJnv-8

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For Teachers. (n.d.). Emotional Disturbance. https://elementaryemotionaldisturbance.weebly.com/for-teachers.html

CDC. ‘What Is Hearing Loss in Children? | CDC’. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 16 June 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/facts.html.

Verywell Family. ‘Classroom Communication Techniques and Settings for Deaf Children’. Accessed 19 March 2023. https://www.verywellfamily.com/deafness-what-is-deafness-2162025.

‘National Association of the Deaf - NAD’. Accessed 20 March 2023. https://www.nad.org/resources/american-sign-language/interpreting-american-sign-language/.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14xcCCFyX7I&t=219s

Genetic conditions. Sometimes an intellectual disability is caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons. Examples of genetic conditions are Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and phenylketonuria (PKU).

Complications during pregnancy. An intellectual disability can result when the baby does not develop inside the mother properly. For example, there may be a problem with the way the baby’s cells divide. A woman who drinks alcohol or gets an infection like rubella during pregnancy may also have a baby with an intellectual disability.

Problems during birth. If there are complications during labor and birth, such as a baby not getting enough oxygen, he or she may have an intellectual disability.

Diseases or toxic exposure. Diseases like whooping cough, the measles, or meningitis can cause intellectual disabilities. They can also be caused by extreme malnutrition, not getting appropriate medical care, or by being exposed to poisons like lead or mercury.

We know that intellectual disability is not contagious: you can’t catch an intellectual disability from anyone else. We also know it’s not a type of mental illness, like depression. There are no cures for intellectual disability. However, children with intellectual disabilities can learn to do many things. They may just need take more time or learn differently than other children.

Simple to sophisticated computer controlled wheelchairs and mobility aids are available. Technology may be used to aid direction-finding, guiding users to destinations. Computer cueing systems and robots have also been used to guide users with intellectual disabilities.

References:
https://www.specialolympics.org/about/intellectual-disabilities/what-is-intellectual-disability

Multiple Disabilities Versus Multiple Diagnoses

It's important to note that there is a difference between "multiple disabilities" and "multiple diagnoses." That's because a child may have multiple diagnoses as a result of having been seen by multiple practitioners—but not fall into the "multiple disabilities" category. For example, a child with high functioning autism spectrum disorder might have collected additional diagnoses such as social anxiety, sensory dysfunction, and social communication disorder before finally being diagnosed with autism. But the additional diagnoses describe symptoms which are encompassed in autism spectrum disorder.

It's also important to note that, to qualify for the "multiple disabilities" category, the student's disorders must be so significant that their educational needs could not be met in programs that are designed to address one of the disabilities alone. Thus, a child with a specific learning disability and cerebral palsy might well qualify, as would a child with cognitive challenges and a sensory impairment such as visual impairment or blindness.

There are some situations where two disabilities may not qualify for "multiple disabilities." For example, although visual impairment and hearing impairment are listed as separate disabilities, when a child has both together, this does not qualify as "multiple disabilities." In fact, deaf-blindness is classified as its own specific disability. Additionally, a child with ADHD and sensory challenges, would most likely NOT qualify, as their two disabilities could almost certainly be addressed in an ADHD classroom.

Teaching Students With Multiple Disabilities

Very often, students with multiple disabilities have very severe limitations in their ability to walk, talk, and otherwise engage with peers. They may also have severe cognitive challenges. As a result, they are typically taught by highly trained teachers using a range of specialized tools.

Students with multiple disabilities may also benefit from peer tutoring, and, when possible, should be included and accommodated in typical school activities and events.

Teaching Tools for Children With Multiple Disabilities

Some of the most useful and important tools used to teach and engage with students with multiple disabilities are technologies and other resources used for augmentative and alternative communication. For a child who cannot speak, or for whom physical movement is very difficult, there are quite a few available options.234 These include:

In addition to these, students with severe multiple handicaps may also benefit from a wide range of teaching tools such as:

References:
https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-are-multiple-disabilities-2162512

Accommodations and Modifications for Students with Disabilities (2016) YouTube. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0xdaCEqrU0 (Accessed: March 20, 2023). 

Specific learning disabilities (SLD) (no date) Florida Department of Education Home. Available at: https://www.fldoe.org/academics/exceptional-student-edu/ese-eligibility/specific-learning-disabilities-sld/ (Accessed: March 20, 2023). 

StudyCorgi (2023) The future is here: Assistive Technology for Learning Disabilities: Blog studycorgi.com, StudyCorgi.com. Available at: https://studycorgi.com/blog/assistive-technology-for-learning-disabilities/#:~:text=Assistive%20technology%20for%20learning%20disabilities%20is%20any%20equipment%2C%20software%2C%20or,%2C%20apps%2C%20and%20handheld%20devices. (Accessed: March 20, 2023). 

USA, T. (2022) Assistive technology in the classroom, Transitions. Available at: https://www.transitionsusa.org/assistive-technology-for-learning-disabilities/ (Accessed: March 20, 2023). 

National Center on Deaf-Blindness. (n.d.). Deaf-blindness overview. Deaf-Blindness Overview | National Center on Deaf-Blindness. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://www.nationaldb.org/info-center/deaf-blindness-overview/ 

The Outreach Center for Deafness and Blindness. (n.d.). What are accommodations and modifications? MedEd Connections Resource Guide: Deaf and Hard of Hearing (D/HH) | The Outreach Center for Deafness and Blindness. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://deafandblindoutreach.org/meded-connections-dhh/meded-dhh-accommodations-and-modifications 

Understanding Assistive Technology: How do deaf-blind people use technology? Level Access. (2019, August 19). Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://www.levelaccess.com/blog/understanding-assistive-technology-how-do-deaf-blind-people-use-technology/#:~:text=Braille%20displays%3A%20A%20device%20that,with%20websites%20using%20their%20voice. 

YouTube. (2021). Teaching children who are Deaf-Blind. YouTube. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Vop4S4iMhk. 

Braille is vital for deaf-blind people. For some, it may be the only way they can read and for others, it can be the fastest way.

Documents and transcripts
Can be made in braille for deaf-blind people to use on braille devices.

Phone communication
Different states have their own programs for deaf-blind people to make phone calls.

For example, "A Virginia resident who is deaf-blind can make phone calls using TTY (text telephone)-to-braille with the help of a Virginia Relay Communication Assistant (CA). The CA serves as the interpreter between the two parties and types out the messages so the deaf-blind person can read them using their braille device. Virginia Relay’s services are also available in Spanish for in-state calls. Remote Conference Captioning is also available for deaf-blind users who participate in conference calls for work. " (Level Access)

Computer-based instruction and distance learning can provide feasible alternatives for students with illnesses that make regular class attendance difficult.

Examples of typical accommodations for students who have health impairments include: