Союз нерушимый республик свободных by Hunter Long https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6 Made with a creative frenzy en-us 2018-04-10 22:09:47 UTC 2025-11-06 22:20:46 UTC hello@padlet.com Italian Expansion hlong262 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250506641 2018-04-10 22:18:40 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250506641 The impact of fascism on Italian Foreign policy: the origins, 1870-1933 hlong262 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250506875 2018-04-10 22:19:50 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250506875 Mussolini's Rise to Power hlong262 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250507011
  • Lack of National Identity
  • Regionalism
  • The Catholic Church
    • Breakdown between Church and State continued
  • Working-Class Protest
    • Middle and Upper classes dominated the political system
    • Led to growing peasant and working class unrest, leading to a 1914 strike
  • Nationalist Opposition
    • The Future Movement glorified war and criticized Liberal Governments for failing to become “great powers”
    • “Unredeemed lands”: Regions of Trentino and Trieste, containing many Italian speakers yet was under Austrian rule

    • ]]>     2018-04-10 22:20:41 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250507011     Impact of the First World War on Italy, 1915-1918 hlong262 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250508048
  • Italy’s reasons for joining the Entente Alliance
    • Nationalists hoped that if they joined with the Triple Entente they would gain back Italian territories from the Austro-Hungarian empire
    • They signed the Treaty of London with Britain, France, and Russia in April 1915
  • The impact of the war
    • Human cost: 600,000 dead, hundreds of thousands wounded
    • The war caused Italy to become more politically polarized 
    • Many angry at the Liberal government for mismanaging the war
    • Trade unions and the PSI were increasingly militant by the end of the war
    • ]]>     2018-04-10 22:28:47 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250508048     What is Fascism? hlong262 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250508620
  • Nationalism
    • View of the nation state, its culture and history, as a unifying force
  • Militarism
    • Promotion of political violence and war as a method of revitalizing society
    • Violence seen as necessary in order to progress
  • Social Darwinism
    • The belief that races have evolved as superior to other races
  • Social Unity
    • Opposes class based divisions in society and promotes collective national security
  • Authoritarian
    • Totalitarian’ the state has influence or control over all aspects of society

    • ]]>     2018-04-10 22:33:25 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250508620     Why did support for Fascism grow in Italy after the First World War? hlong262 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250509083
  • Did not obtain the territory it promised they would obtain
  • What was the impact of D’Annunzio and the Fiume affair on Fascism?
    • D’Annunzio led 2000 ex-soldiers to occupy Fiume by force in protest against the Italian Government’s agreement to hand the port over to Yugoslavia
    • The government proved to be too feeble to remove D’Annunzio
  • What was the impact of economic factors on the rise of Fascism?
    • High inflation following the war hit both fixed-wage workers and the middle class with savings
    • Unemployment rose to 2 million by the end of 1919
    • Following the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, there was a fear of communism throughout Europe
  • How important was the March on Rome, October 1922?
    • During the “Two Red Years”, (1919-1920) the socialists tried to spark a Russian-style Revolution.
    • This failed and the Fascists gained support 
    • In August 1922, Socialists and Communists called a general strike, and the middle class believed that Fascism could restore order
    • On October 24, 1922, a Fascist congress was held in Naples. 10,000 Fascists  gathered 20 miles outside of Rome and on the night of October 27, 1922, Fascist Squads seized control of government buildings in North and Central Italy
    • Following this, the king decided to side with Mussolini rather than prime minister Facta
    • ]]>     2018-04-10 22:36:25 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250509083     What was the impact of Soviet foreign policy on the international response to the expansionist powers? augustusdeschler https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250539346
    • USSR under Stalin wanted to build “socialism in one country”
    • Hostility toward Western democracies threatened by expansionist Japan in asia and Hitler’s aim of acquiring Lebensraum
    • 1931-32, Stalin signed non-aggression pacts with Afghanistan, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, and France.
    • Wanted  to create a “Popular Front” against fascism
    • Popular front against fascism failed because Britain and France were following appeasement policy
    • After the Munich conference in 1938 the Soviet Union abandoned attempts to contain fascist aggressors because despite its involvement in Czechoslovakia  Stalin was not invited to the conference. 
    ]]>     2018-04-11 02:03:46 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250539346     What was the international response to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935-36? augustusdeschler https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250539414
  • From forming the Stresa front with Britain and France in 1935 Mussolini knew that France would not oppose Italian Expansion into East Africa, but was not sure about Britain.
  • Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia in Oct. 1935 caused condemnation by the LoN as well as the British public, which would influence British foreign policy as a result of upcoming elections. 
  • On 7 January 1 935, a Franco-Italian agreement was made. In return or Italian support to contain Hitler, France gave Italy parts o French Somaliland, improved the offcial status o Italians living in Tunisia and tacitly allowed Mussolini to do as he pleased in Abyssinia.  
  • On 20 May, the League held a special session to discuss the crisis and on June 19 Selassie requested League observers be sent to the region. Talks between officials from Italy and Abyssinia broke down at The Hague. 
  • The league found Italy to be the aggressor on Oct. 7 but failed to do anything past imposing insignificant sanctions.
  • Britain also did not close Suez canal which allowed Mussolini to continue supplying troops to Africa.

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 02:04:14 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250539414     The end of appeasement to Mussolini's Italy augustusdeschler https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250539481  
    • After Italy’s invasion of Albania on the 7th of April 1939 it was condemned by both Britain and France as Italy had garunteed sovereignty of Balkans.
    • Chamberlin no longer trusted Italy.
    • When Italy joined the war in June 1940 Mussolini invaded Egypt and Greece, which forced a British counterattack to push them out of Egypt and sunk half of the Italian Navy on Nov. 11, 1940 in Taranto. 
    ]]>     2018-04-11 02:04:37 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250539481     Munich Conference 1938 augustusdeschler https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250541348 2018-04-11 02:14:17 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250541348 League Conference on Abyssinia augustusdeschler https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250541735 2018-04-11 02:17:12 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250541735 British Counterattack in Egypt 1940 augustusdeschler https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250541830 2018-04-11 02:18:06 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250541830 Why did Italy intervene in the Spanish Civil War in 1936-39 matt3hansen https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250553401
  • Wanted to display military power and achieve greatness
  • Gain naval bases in Balearic Islands 
  • Wanted to stop communism
  • Wanted to weaken Spain
  • What were the results of the intervention?
    • Devalued the lire, increased trade with Germany
    • ⅓ of arms were consumed
  • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe after 1936
    • Italy and Germany
      • 25 October 1936, Rome-Berlin Axis Alliance
    • End in collective security
      • Joined Anti-Comintern Pact in November 1937
    • December 1937, left the LoN

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 03:45:05 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250553401     Photo of Italian Soldier fighting Spanish Republican,1936 (Colorized) matt3hansen https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250553988 2018-04-11 03:50:29 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250553988 What was Italy's role during the Sudetenland crisis in September 1938? matt3hansen https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250554315
  • Wanted to be seen as broker of peace
  • Only an aide to Hitler, as Hitler attacked in March 1939

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 03:53:09 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250554315     matt3hansen https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250554674 2018-04-11 03:56:32 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250554674 Why did Italy invade Albania in April 1939? matt3hansen https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250554951
  • Assert Italian strength to imitate Hitler, intimidatee Yugoslovia, and pursue ambition for domination of Adriatic
  • Set up a fascist government 
  • Declared official creation of Italian Empire

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 03:58:11 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250554951     Italy and the Second World War matt3hansen https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250556048 Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe  after 1933
    • The Pact of Steel between Italy and Germany, 22 May 1939
      • Declaration of trust and cooperation
      • Secret protocol, fostered union of military and economic policies
    • Remained non-belligerent in 1939, could not afford a war at the moment
    • Italy joined war ultimately for economic reasons, as sea traits were blocked by British Navy


    ]]>     2018-04-11 04:05:45 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250556048     Italian Foreign Policy, 1935- 1939 matt3hansen https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250556413
  • The key turning point in Italian foreign policy was the invasion of Abyssinia in 1935-36
    • This action was condemned by the League of Nations and limited sanctions were imposed
  • Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia in October 1935?
    • Really was to consolidate Mussolini personality cult and rally support for the regime. War for its own sake
    • Needed to divert attention away from the failing corporate state, and the impact of the Great Depression
    • Gain territory for emigration and provide export market for italian goods. Hoped to find oil
    • Wanted to impress Hitler
  • The events- what happened?
    • December 1934, Italian and Abyssinian forces clashed at the disputed Wal Wal oasis, resulting in 30 dead Italians 
    • September 1935, LoN stated that no one could be blamed for the Wal Wal incident
    • 18 November, LoN imposed sanctions on Italy 
    • Britain and France tried to make secret proposal, got leaked, took it back
    • 6 April 1936, the Abyssinian army was defeated at Lake Ashangi; took the capital, Addis Ababa, on May 5, May 9 Abyssinia annexed
  • What were the results of the Abyssinian war?
    • For Italy
      • Only 1000 casualties 
      • The budget deficit had risen from 2.5 billion to 16 billion lire
      • 1936, the lire was devalued by 40% 
      • The Italians were forced to fight a drawn-out guerrilla war in Abyssinia until it fell to the British in 1941 
    • For collective security
      • Weakness of the LoN
      • Drove Italy away from Britain and France, closer to Germany
      • Mussolini agreed to German rearmament of the Rhineland on 22 Feb, 1936

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 04:09:13 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250556413     arshadmandani https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250557685  International responses to Italian aggression, 1935-1940 ]]> 2018-04-11 04:19:16 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250557685 What was the policy of appeasement and why was it pursued by Britain in the 1930s? arshadmandani https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250557830
  • Appeasement-making concessions to an aggressor nation, allowed aggressors to demand more concessions
    • Public opinion-horror of WWI, faith in LON, larger electorate
    • Justified demands of dictators-harsh TOV, work w/dictators
    • Lack of alternative policy-no clear anti-appeasement party
    • Economic pressures-weakened by WWI/depression
    • Global commitments-defense of the empire 1st priority
    • Defense priorities-defend trade routes, prep for air attacks
    • Neville Chamberlain-detested war, didn’t consult cabinet
  • France aligned its FP with Britain’s appeasement
    • Frequent changes in govt/ideological, unable to take action 
    • Military entirely defensive, dependent on Britain 
    • ]]>     2018-04-11 04:20:25 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250557830     How was international response to aggression in the 1930s affected by the weaknesses of the League of Nations? arshadmandani https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250558616
  • Weaknesses of LON:
    • Lacked credibility/economic power of USA
    • Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Germany led the Council, latter 3 nations wanted to revise TOV
    • USSR not a member until Sept 1934
    • Inefficient structure/organization
    • Lost authority each time it failed to act effectively 
  • Britain and France held most responsibility of the LON
    • Britain occupied with its own interests
    • France has little faith in league’s abilities

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 04:27:34 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250558616     What was the impact of US foreign policy on the international response to the expansionist powers? arshadmandani https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250559148
  • USA not a part of LON, policy of isolationism
  • Engage in trade w/o being involved in conflict
  • Non-involvement in Europe/Asia, Neutrality acts banned sale of arms to belligerents

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 04:32:17 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250559148     Italian expansion, 1933-1940 arshadmandani https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250562306 2018-04-11 05:00:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250562306 How did Mussolini consolidate his power? mib3601 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250599963
  • Series of actions enabled Mussolini to prepare a dictatorship:
    • Feb 1923: Nationalists join Fascists
    • July 1923: Acerbo Law passes
    • April 1924: After campaigns of intimidation and violence, representation changes from 7% to 66%
    • December 1925: Law on Powers of Head of Government gave Mussolini significant executive powers
    • Between Nov 1926 and Jan 1927: OVRA founded and increased repression
  • Was it a totalitarian state?
    • Italians had to conform to Fascism, no overt opposition or criticism, employees of state swore an oath of loyalty to the regime, Fascist youth movement.
    • However, Vatican and King had more power, Fascism had weak control in the south.

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 08:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250599963     What factors influenced Mussolini's foreign policy? mib3601 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250600590
  • Versailles Settlement encouraged Mussolini to increase national pride and more significant force in international politics
  • The belief of Fascist Italy being the second Roman Empire and domestic considerations encouraged expansionism
  • Impact of economic issues on Italian foreign policy
    • Autarky (self-sufficiency) desired for the economy in order to have a militarist state
    • Battle for Grain (1975), Battle for the Lira (1926), and the “Mussolini Law” (1928) which set out a programme of land reclamation
    • All were failures that were expensive and detrimental to the economy, hampering Mussolini’s pursuit of an assertive fascist foreign policy

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 08:16:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250600590     How successful was Musslini's foreign policy in the 1920s? mib3601 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250601208
  • Ambitions in the Balkans
    • Corfu Affair: 1923 invasion of Greek island of Corfu, condemned by League of Nations, but British involvement forced Italy to withdraw
      • Mussolini learns that he can only bully smaller states
    • 1924 success with gained control of the port of Fiume
    • 1926 Albania becomes Italian protectorate when Mussolini backs Ahmed Zog and his regime
  • Relations with Western European powers
    • 1920s: supported disarmament and Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) due to Italian weakness
    • 1930s: Hitler comes to power in Germany and failing of his corporate state helps turn foreign policy to become more assertive
  • Relations with the Soviet Union
    • Soviet Union is seen as a tool in gaining diplomatic leverage over other powers
    • Rapallo Treaty (1912) renounced all territorial and financial claims following WW1 and Italy drawn into Rapallo alignment

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 08:18:24 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250601208     mib3601 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250603774 2018-04-11 08:28:16 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250603774 What factors had an impact on Italy's foreign policy in the 1930s? mib3601 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250605304
  • The impact of fascism
    • Clear Fascist foreign policy: glorification of war, imperial expansion, less diplomacy and cooperation
    • Weakens British relationship, strengthens German in Rome-Berlin Axis and Pact of Steel
    • Brings them to Ally with Germany in WW2
  • Impact of domestic economic issues
    • Great Depression, overvaluing the lira
      • 2 million unemployed
      • Government intervention creates the second largest public sector in Europe
    • Foreign policy became more dynamic and inspirational to distract public from domestic problems
      • Economy further undermined by an emphasis on autarky
      • Influence decision to invade Abyssinia and intervene in Spanish Civil War
    • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe after 1933
      • Italy’s need to be a central role in European diplomacy influences Mussolini to create Four Powers Pact to empower the “Great Powers” and allowed for cooperation
        • Meaningless in reality but Italian citizens see it as Mussolini success
      • Promoted independent Austria, opposed Germany’s Anschluss
      • Hitler’s rearmament alarming, Italy seen as key to maintaining the status quo in Europe
        • Italy, France, and Britain agree to protest against Hitler’s violation of Treaty of Versailles, forms “Stresa Front”
      • Mussolini got the impression that Stresa Front allowed him to expand control in Abyssinia

    • ]]>     2018-04-11 08:34:29 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250605304     mib3601 https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250606380 2018-04-11 08:38:46 UTC https://padlet.com/hlong262/v2gbr1tgi7q6/wish/250606380