Microscopes by Madeleine Dorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes What were the beginnings of the microscope and what influence have they had on medical science? en-us 2018-04-17 03:48:42 UTC 2025-11-18 06:47:15 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Lightdecrease.png When madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/252411463 4000 years ago,  Chow-Foo dynasty,  ]]> 2018-04-17 03:51:20 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/252411463 What? madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/252411485 The ancient Chinese invented a tube filled with varying degrees of water which allowed them to view different magnifications of objects.

]]> 2018-04-17 03:51:25 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/252411485 And? madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/252411835 According to the website this technology was referred to in an ancient Chinese text  but I can find no further references or other sources or images.
The evidence for this is only based on one source and is referenced very infrequently in scholarly work ]]> 2018-04-17 03:54:26 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/252411835 Seneca (c. 4 BC – AD 65) madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253186179  The earliest observation known is that of Seneca (c. 4 BC – AD 65),who in his “Naturales Quaestiones)” claims that “Letters, however small and dim, are comparatively large and distinct when seen through glass globe filled with water.’’  as cited by Singer, C. 1915. p.317)
https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.hXTrOM4_1BqFf-T23vhw1QHaKj&pid=Api ]]> 2018-04-18 19:45:22 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253186179 14th century madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253188682 In the 14th century in Italy discoveries about the properties of lenses began to lead to the development of the microscope as we recognize it today.

 

Salvino d’Amarto degli Armati, of  Florence, and Alessandro  de  Spina, of Pisa, about the year 1300 were the first to attribute the properties of curved lenses to aiding vision.
The optical properties of lenses were  investigated by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and by the mathematical skill of Maurolico (1494-1575).

]]> 2018-04-18 19:52:19 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253188682 Spectacles madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253189788 Spectacles must have been used by many illuminators of manuscripts but there is no record of them having been used for the investigation of nature. 
Many illuminated manuscripts of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries show incredible draughtsmanship, the decorations in the margin often involve figures of insects and flowers. These figures never suggest the use of a magnifying glass but it is hard not to believe that artists must have used something to magnify tiny insects and flowers so they could copy them so realistically.
]]> 2018-04-18 19:55:11 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253189788 George Hoefnagel (1545-1600) madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253190593 Singer (1915) tells us that the first illustrated publication for which there is evidence of the use of a magnifying glass appeared in the year 1592, in Frankfort, bearing the name of George Hoefnagel (1545-1600) https://c1.staticflickr.com/4/3098/2585674552_fabe9067d4_b.jpg


]]> 2018-04-18 19:57:07 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253190593 Hans and Zacharias Janssen madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253621945 In 1590: Two Dutch spectacle-makers,  father and son Hans and Zacharias Janssen, used several lenses in a tube and observed that the object at the end of the tube was magnified significantly beyond what a magnifying glass could do. They had discovered that an image magnified by a single lens can be further magnified by a second or more lenses, which is the basis of the concept of a compound microscope

]]> 2018-04-19 20:06:55 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253621945 The domain of physicists and mathematicians madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253688234  Telescopes were the domain of physicists and mathematicians, whereas the design, construction, and use of the early optical microscopes were left to non-specialists,  today we would call them hobbyists. 

During the Renaissance, a flowering in the arts and sciences in Europe which was accompanied by the invention of the printing press, ideas and developments could be spread easily and rapidly. As a result, Thomas Digges' work on the telescope in England in the mid-16th century and Hans Lippershey's work which included applying for a telescope patent were transmitted to others, including the Italian genius  Galileo.


]]> 2018-04-20 03:15:22 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253688234 Galileo madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253688580 Galileo developed an improved telescope with a focusing device and went on to discover lots of information about the stars. At around the same time in Britain, Sir Isaac Newton invented the reflecting telescope.

]]> 2018-04-20 03:18:13 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253688580 Robert Hooke: madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253688997 In the mid 17th century Robert Hooke took the microscope to new levels. Hooke loved to experiment across a range of scientific fields of study and he had much success. He was known for his inventions across different scientific fields but most of all he is known for Micrographia, his studies with a microscope, published in 1665. Micrographia became an overnight sensation, both for what he described and for the amazing detailed drawings that he made, most famously of all, the honeycomb structure or "cells" of a cork. It was Hooke who first used the term "cells" when describing living tissue. For his Micrographia, Hooke used a simple, single lens microscope made of gold and leather and illuminated by a candle. Hooke was the first person to prove that living things are made up of cells which was an important leap forward for Natural Scientists.

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/hooke/images/cork3.jpg


]]> 2018-04-20 03:21:32 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253688997 Anton van Leeuwenhoek madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689400 In 1675: Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope with one lens to observe insects and other specimen. Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria anf microbes when he studied tiny creatures from his mouth with a single lens microscope. 

]]> 2018-04-20 03:25:11 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689400 Louis Pasteur madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689463 In the 19th century Louis Pasteur was able to prove that bacteria did not simply spring to life in soil or air but came from existing bacteria, he proved this by heating broth so that it did not spoil, it is this heating process which kills bacteria that we call pasteurization. The development of sterilization of medical came from this process which saved many lives.

]]> 2018-04-20 03:25:45 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689463 Vaccines madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689533 The development of vaccines was one very important medical development that came from the discoveries made with microscopes, Edward Jenner in the 1790’s had successfully inoculated people against smallpox but his findings were not understood until many years later. Microscopes at this point were not powerful enough for viruses to be seen and they were therefore unknown, other early work on vaccines by Robert Koch was based on work in his laboratory where he grew the bacteria from cholera and tuberculosis to prove how they caused the diseases.

]]> 2018-04-20 03:26:29 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689533 Chemotherapy and antibiotics madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689643 Chemotherapy was another scientific leap forward in the 1900’s based on the discoveries made using microscopes and antibiotics were discovered by Fleming when he observed that penicillin, which he accidently contaminated his samples of bacteria with, killed them.

]]> 2018-04-20 03:27:21 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689643 Compound madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689763 The most common microscope is the compound microscope. These microscopes use lenses of various strengths to magnify the objects. When you look into a microscope, you are not looking at the specimen, you are looking at the image of the specimen Compound microscopes usually have an eyepiece, a set of mirrors and the objective lens.
http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/clip_image002_thumb146.jpg


]]> 2018-04-20 03:28:28 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689763 Scanning Electron Microscope madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689887 The scanning electron microscope is able to produce a 3-D image. Images appear in black and white with high magnification and high resolution. A specimen is coated in gold particles. Electrons bounce off of the gold plating to produce the image. This type of microscope is useful in viewing very tiny objects in fine detail. Common objects that are viewed are detailed images of bacteria and viruses.

]]> 2018-04-20 03:29:50 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253689887 Transmission Electron Microscope madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253690289 This type of microscope uses electrons to pass through a sample. Two-dimensional images are produced by creating thin slices with high resolution and high magnification. Since they are expensive, these microscopes are more likely to be found at major research facilities and universities.

]]> 2018-04-20 03:34:01 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253690289 Fluorescence microscope madeleinemmdorion https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253690882 Fluorescence microscopes use specific colors of light to interact with dyes. As the dyes become illuminated, certain structures can be isolated and viewed with their respective dyes. This type of microscope is useful to observe specific proteins within a cell.
https://static3.olympus-lifescience.com/data/olympusmicro/primer/techniques/fluorescence/anatomy/images/fluoromicrofigure1.jpg?rev=393D

]]> 2018-04-20 03:38:56 UTC https://padlet.com/madeleinemmdorion/microscopes/wish/253690882