Grant et Al Core Study by Jess Clark https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5 Psychology en-us 2017-01-09 18:26:35 UTC 2017-01-09 18:42:00 UTC hello@padlet.com Context 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146076336 Many studies have shown that recall is better when the participant is in the same environment during recall as they were when the learning occurred

  • This effect was originally explained by the encoding specificity principle (Tulving) as the consequence of 'context-dependency effects'
  • This suggests that some aspects of the environment during learning are encoded 
  • Grant et al- Suggested that perhaps an important difference between study environments and test environments was the amount of background noise
]]> 2017-01-09 18:27:49 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146076336 Aim 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146076820 To test the effect of noise as a source of context on the studying and retrieval of meaningful material in an academic context]]> 2017-01-09 18:29:15 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146076820 Method 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146077035 Participants: 39 participants aged 17-51, 17 females and 23 males, recruited by opportunity sampling- psychology students. 8 psychology students acted as experimenters and recruited 5 participants each (the result from one participant was excluded)

Independent variable - Whether the study and test conditions were matched or mismatched

Dependant variable - How accurately the participants recalled and retrieved the information

Materials:
2 page article on psychoimmunology, noisy tape of a cafeteria at lunch time, headphones, 2 tests- Recall and retrieval

Procedure
30 minutes, Standardised instructions- All participants had to wear headphones. Participants asked to read the article which was interesting and understandable. Reading time was recorded but not controlled. During reading, all participants wore headphones. They then had a 2 minute break. They were asked to complete 2 tests. The short answer questions (for recall) were given to participants first to ensure that material was being recalled from the article itself rather than from the multiple choice questions (for retrieval)


]]> 2017-01-09 18:30:01 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146077035 Procedure 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146077724 Matching condition
Study context: Silent
Test context: Silent

Study context: Noisy
Test context: Noisy

Mis-matching condition
Study context: Noisy
Test context: Silent

Study context: Silent
Test context: Noisy

]]> 2017-01-09 18:32:02 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146077724 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146079285 2017-01-09 18:35:43 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146079285 Results 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146079443 All participants spent about the same time reading the article. There were no significant patterns for the individual variables ie: whether material was learned or retrieved in each environment made no difference on the test results. However, there was an interaction between study and test conditions- performance was significantly better in matching conditions than non-matching conditions. This suggests that recall is better when studying ad testing are performed in similar environments in terms of noisiness of the surroundings

Examples:
SAQ- Silent matching:
6.7
SAQ- Mismatching:
4.6


]]> 2017-01-09 18:36:07 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146079443 Conclusion 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146080014 As there was no Independant effect of noise on performance, the claim made by students that 'noise doesn't affect their capacity to study' is supported. However, as context-dependence affects in both SAQ and MCQ, students should study in quiet surroundings as exams are normally held in silence

]]> 2017-01-09 18:37:53 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146080014 Evaluation 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146080219 The research method
  • Lab experiments allow you to control extraneous variables- Participants had the same standardised instructions as they all had to wear headphones
  • Controlled conditions as there was a 2 minute break between studying and testing- Improves validity and reliability
  • Some variables couldn't be standardised eg: length of time to read the article
Quantitative and qualitative data
  • Quantitative data- Statistics are easy to compare and analyse
  • Easy to establish the cause and effect- Matching or mis-matching affects retrieval
  • No qualitative data- Not getting participants opinions on what it felt like to study in silence
Ethical considerations
  • Participants were aware that they were participating, they weren't deceived and they were debriefed
  • Participants gave informed consent- They were aware that the experiment would test their reading comprehension
  • They were given the right to withdraw from the study
Validity
  • Controlled conditions and realistic materials- Improves validity
  • The results show that silent study is best- May be difficult to implement these strategies
  • The materials used were meaningful but not relevant ie: they may not study psychoimmunology- Lacks ecological validity
  • The participants only completed 30 minutes of studying, therefore it might not be generalisable to longer periods of study
  • Boredom, day dreaming and levels of motivation normally effect the time spent studying, so it lacks ecological validity
Reliability
  • Standardised materials (headphones and tape), procedure and instructions (eg: to ignore the content of the tape)- Makes it easy to replicate
  • There was a pattern of results across both conditions
  • Time taken to read the article was recorded but not controlled- Reduces reliability
Sampling bias
  • All participants were psychology students that knew the researcher- Unrepresentative because they're used to taking in information and being tested on it
  • Good age spread and roughly equal numbers of males and females
  • Psychology students- Increased risk of demand characteristics
Practical applications
  • Study habits- Students should try studying in silence
  • Taking witnesses back to the scene of the crime may help improve the accuracy of their testimony
]]> 2017-01-09 18:38:28 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146080219 11clarkjl https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146081541 2017-01-09 18:41:42 UTC https://padlet.com/11clarkjl/v01enlcvwyr5/wish/146081541