By using GIS:

• it is possible to create a map of places where flooding happens regularly.

• the sewage drains may be rebuilt to ensure smooth water flow by using the geographical factors.

• it enables the development of flood simulation models.

• it also can capture images that may be used to chart out escape routes.

• The government authorities may make appropriate judgments based on the maps and locations accessible if the weather prediction is provided.

GIS can help in flood disaster by create a map of places where flooding occurs frequently. Then, using geographical factors, sewage drains can be rebuilt to ensure smooth water flow. Also, it may be possible to create flood simulation models and using collected imagery, it may be possible to map escape routes. Next, if a weather forecast is provided, government authorities can make informed decisions based on the maps and areas that are available.

·        Flood hazard mapping will allow quantification of what is at risk of being submerged such as the number of homes or businesses. This will help identify emergency scales and cleanup operations.

·        By identifying flood -risk buildings, awareness -raising campaigns can also be targeted at high -risk properties. This may include raising awareness of emergency flood procedures and may also encourage the implementation of flood -proof measures.

GIS can help with hazard mitigation and future planning, air pollution and control, disaster management, forest fire management, natural resource management, wastewater management, oil spills and corrective activities and other environment condition that related to it.

For example, as the figure above shows the illustration about Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been employed in disaster management. GIS can aid in decreasing the risks of a disaster to a significant level, whether it is modelling through early warning systems or utilizing decision support systems to identify which disaster is likely to affect or is already affecting which region the most. Using GIS, preparations may be improved, efforts can be more targeted and responses can be delivered more quickly. GIS allows response personnel to establish situational awareness, interact with the public and comprehend the magnitude of the catastrophe. Recovery becomes easier and faster since GIS allows for improved identification of damaged regions and people that been affected.

Not only that, flood hazard mapping will allow quantification of what is at risk of being flooded such as the number of houses or businesses. This will help identify the scale of emergency and clean-up operations. By identifying buildings at flood risk, awareness raising campaigns can also be targeted at high risk properties. This may include raising awareness of emergency flood procedures and may also promote the implementation of flood-proofing measures.

In the longer-term, flood hazard maps can support planning and development by identifying high risk locations and steering development away from these areas. This will help to keep future flood risk down and also encourages sustainable development. In order for this to occur, the consideration of flood hazard maps must be integrated into planning procedures.

In this situation, GIS is used to create a map on frequently flooding area, planning on effective drainage system, and map evacuation route. From what I’ve read, GIS can also create a flood simulation model.

GIS can determined the raining location hotspot, the evacuation routes map, determine the lower area and rebuild the sewage drains to ensure smooth water flow (planning on improving the drainage system), making an early decision, preparation and precaution based on the weather forecasting. With all the data combined, it can produce a map on the common area of flooding or predicted area according to the information/data layers/statistic analysis and also for taking an appropriate decision based on the produced maps and locations. 

Effective environmental monitoring and understanding necessitate the collection of valuable information and data, which can be obtained through the use of geospatial technologies such as remote sensing and GIS. GIS is best suited for environmental data analysis and planning. It enables a more accurate viewing and understanding of physical features as well as the relationships that influence them in a given critical environmental condition. Slope steepness, aspects, and vegetation, for example, can be viewed and overlaid to determine various environmental parameters and impact analysis.

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) can aid in the effective planning and management of environmental hazards and risks. The assessment of hazards and risks becomes the foundation for planning decisions and mitigation activities in order to plan and monitor environmental problems. GIS facilitates environmental assessment, monitoring, and mitigation activities, and it can also be used to generate environmental models.

GIS can help with hazard mitigation and future planning, air pollution and control, disaster management, forest fire management, natural resource management, wastewater management, oil spills and remedial actions, and so on.

EIA is an important policy initiative to conserve natural resources and environment. Many human activities produce potential adverse environmental effects which include the construction and operation of highways, rail roads, pipelines, airports, radioactive waste disposal and more. Environmental impact statements are usually required to contain specific information on the magnitude and characteristics of environmental impact. The EIA can be carried out efficiently by the help of GIS, by integrating various GIS layers, assessment of natural features can be performed.

Today a well-developed GIS systems are used to protect the environment. It has become an integrated, well developed and successful tool in disaster management and mitigation. GIS can help with risk management and analysis by displaying which areas are likely to be prone to natural or man-made disasters. When such disasters are identified, preventive measures can be developed.

3. Zoning of Landslides hazard

Landslide hazard zonation is the process of ranking different parts of an area according to the degrees of actual or potential hazard from landslides. The evaluation of landslide hazard is a complex task. It has become possible to efficiently collect, manipulate and integrate a variety of spatial data such as geological, structural, surface cover and slope characteristics of an area, which can be used for hazard zonation.

Land cover means the feature that is covering the barren surface .Land use means the area in the surface utilized for particular use. The role of GIS technology in land use and land cover applications is that we can determine land use/land cover changes in the different areas. Also it can detect and estimate the changes in the land use/ land cover pattern within time. It enables to find out sudden changes in land use and land cover either by natural forces or by other activities like deforestation.

5. Estimation of flood damage
GIS helps to document the need for federal disaster relief funds, when appropriate and can be utilized by insurance agencies to assist in assessing monetary value of property loss. A local government need to map flooding risk areas for evaluate the flood potential level in the surrounding area. The damage can be well estimate and can be shown using digital maps .

Below included with the link of the blog for further reading: https://grindgis.com/blog/10-importance-of-gis-in-environment

- Access to health care services:

Access to health care services and delivery centres is concerned with the ability of a population to obtain a specified set of health care services. Developing and making maps to identify locations of health services such as health services mapping, is one of the major applications of public health mapping. The use of health services mapping for identification of patterns of settlement, type of services in relation to human settlements, and the proximity of primary health care centres, secondary and tertiary services. Mappable factors such as distances between settlements and health services (hospital, primary health care centre, emergency station) and road infrastructure. 

The use of GIS in asset management sector has given accessibility to the users to find the
information. By using the GIS, this system provides the data on how asset location is change over
time. The data that is sent to the technicians, need a really quick feedback and updates to assets
because it is important to make sure that the asset database is accurate whether it is internal
database or third party solution like Esri ArcGIS. The updates are made before the approval
workflow is enable to remove the errors while approval the field technicians with the tools they
need to give feedback between about what they are seeing and what the database provided.
Therefore, here are the benefits of using GIS in asset management.
i. Produce heat map of territories with high customer demand.
By using GIS system and other service management automation software, the heat map of
customer location is easy to be generated and visualized on the map. This map will allow the
users to identify how to allocate and adjust technician domain based on customer needed.
ii. To check the audit work order history
Take an action and being aware on the situation happens in the field is important. Therefore,
GIS system is needed to check the history of audit work order. The effective work order
audits consist of checking the technician tracks, review the status changes (arrival,
departure) to make sure such things as customer invoicing accuracy and lastly knowing when
the work order is completed and where the actual location of technician on that time.

However, Uber also employs GIS data in ways that are less obvious from the everyday user experience. For example, the app identifies what areas have the highest need for drivers and advises active drivers to be near those hotspots during times of elevated demand.

Further, Uber’s capabilities go beyond consumer transportation. A project called Movement is designed to monitor and analyze traffic flow in cities. Movement launched with information on traffic patterns for Manila, Sydney, and the District of Columbia, and has since added more cities like San Francisco, Boston and Seattle. The government agencies and organizations that use GIS data provided by this project can see the impact from events like road closures and make informed decisions about scheduling infrastructure projects or managing traffic.

They achieve this goal by minimizing the unutilized time by the delivery executive either by cutting down the waiting time at the restaurants (while the food is being prepared) or by minimizing the time spent by a delivery executive waiting for the next order to be assigned to him/her.
As consumers are getting more relaxed about their data, food-tech companies are using this to their advantage and making use of real-time location to target the right customer at the right time.

Location-based advertising has many pros like better and real-time data and the traction that companies get from it is really high. For example, in areas where they mostly get lunch orders (like colleges or commercial spaces), they could make promotion regarding breakfast offers from various food joints.

Not just these but companies are using location intelligence to find zone-wise cancellation rates, find the ratio of demand and supply of food and delivery executives in an area and get a snapshot of delivery and restaurant footfall volumes and their variations.

 

2.     Preparedness phase:  design of disaster warning systems.

3.     Disaster relief phase:  in search and rescue the operations in areas.

4.     Disaster rehabilitation phase: to organize the damage information.

1) Precision Farming; farmer uses precision farming because they identified that it can help to reduce the number of fertilizers applied to the field. Farmers put sensors on the machine like the tractor to gather information about the crop. GPS then gives the exact position of the exact points on the crop field. Sensor from the satellite and also from the field itself helps in constantly collecting the data of the crop. 

2) Meeting Future Food Demand; For solving the crop production cases, Landsat satellite imagery from many years is used to analyze and compare the historical data of agricultural land use over time. This can help to predict and plan for the amount of arable land needed to supply food to future populations. Other than that, GIS can also analyze the soil data to determine what are the best crops to plant, where they should be planted, and how to maintain the soil nutrition levels to best benefit the plants.

The Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) launched WebGIS as a GIS application that displays various geospatial information (thematic maps) that focus on the Energy and Mineral Resources sector online. ESDM One Map Indonesia is designed to integrate all data, compile work procedures for thematic geospatial information management, and collaborate in data management with various parties, all of which emphasize the use of spatial information in the energy and mineral resources sector.

ESDM One Map Indonesia has data that is open to the public. One Map Indonesia's ESDM application capabilities include being able to provide an analysis of overlapping areas or lands; national data reference sources, easily accessible, fast, accurate, and up to date; able to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of time and resources in the management of dynamic and diverse spatial data, and can be used as supporting data in decision making and provide opportunities for stakeholders to increase investment and production of energy and mineral resources.

Currently, the availability of data on ESDM One Map Indonesia has more than 100 maps that present various thematic geospatial information on the energy and mineral resources sectors, such as in the oil and gas, mineral and coal sectors, new renewable energy and energy conservation, electricity, geology such as the Map: Oil and Gas Working Area, Mining Business Permit Area, Geothermal Working Area, Electricity Infrastructure, Potential (Resources and Reserves) of New and Renewable Energy and Geological Maps and others.

Based on General Circular Letter No. 4 (1997), the AGISwlk has been designed to function as a supporting tool for planning, monitoring and coordination of development in the Klang Valley Region. The ultimate purpose of AGISwlk was to act as a planning, monitoring, and coordination tool for Klang Valley development.

Like any other applications, The AGISwlk is created to solve some of the problems faced by the town and Regional Planning department in Lembah Klang. For example, before the establishment of AGISwlk, it faces difficulties in planning control which effect the traffic congestion.  Besides, the provision of housing and facilities is not provided regularly and balanced, at the same time affects the environmental development especially with nature and animals. 
AGISwlk being creates from different layers of model data such as Base map, tourism, Utilities, Public facilities, traffic and urban transportation, geohazard and population and socio-economy. As a result, AGIS help to facilitates query analysis and monitoring the development planning. It also acts as development tools to support planning and evaluation of development policies. In fact, AGIS also can be the reference while develop new application.

 

The second organization is Malaysia's Ministry of Science and Technology, with the assistance of an IRPA grant. At the Tasik Chini Watershed, a GIS was utilised to detect temporal and spatial land use changes between the years 1984, 1990, 2000, and 2002. Changes in land use and land cover are important for environmental and ecological biodiversity, as well as contributing to global change. Rapid changes in land use have occurred in the Tasik Chini watershed as a result of recent development. The diversification and intensification of socioeconomic development in the Tasik Chini watershed over the last two decades has made the population more incredibly vulnerable to environmental degradation. In short, Tasik Chini watershed results show that forest areas have decreased over the last 18 years, while oil palm, water bodies, settlement areas, and agricultural areas have increased. The changes in land use and land cover from 1984 to 2002 have greatly aided in the prediction of expected future development and have served as a guideline for the precautions to be taken in future planning to ensure that the environment in which we live is sustainable.

Geocoding is the process of converting a description of a location, such as a pair of coordinates, an address, or a place name, to a location on the earth's surface. this is the same situation as entering an address into a google map. Geocoding can work by entering one location description at a time or by providing many of them at once in a table. Your input address lists should be as complete as possible, free of misspellings and incomplete addresses, and as close to postal authority requirements as possible to achieve the highest performance and the most potential matches. For the output, the locations are saved as geographic features with attributes, which can be utilized for mapping and spatial analysis.

Mapping of hotspots for disease infestations is something like a disaster management which is carried out when crop is almost destroyed. GIS and RS in integrated form provide a solution where mapping for the disease incidences can be carried out.

Based my knowledge the suitable technique to identify the affected area in disaster management using satellite imagery with high temporal resolution to get better data in time and set particular value of threshold as a limitation in data analysis. Flood vulnerability is a situation that describes the ease or absence of an area affected by flooding based on natural factors that affect flooding, including meteorological factors (intensity of rainfall, distribution of rainfall, frequency and length of duration of rain) and characteristics of watersheds. Based on the above factors, it can be used as a research parameter. 

Signals from radar are always polarized, radar polarization can occur horizontally and vertically. On radar sensors, the polarization of electromagnetic waves is regulated at the time the microwave is emitted through the sensor and at the time the wave is received back by the sensor from the reflection of the wave back. Satellites can operate in single polarization (HH or VV) and dual polarization (HH+VV or VV+VH). It is implemented through one transmission chain (transferable to H or V) and two parallel receiver chains for polarization H and V, where different polarizations can determine the physical characteristics of different objects.

TNB is launching a Corporate Geospatial Information System (CGIS) Project as part of its push to increase efficiency and decrease operating expenses. In addition, to serving the main companies, CGIS is responsible for managing the internal TNB fiber optic network, property management, security and logistics.

One aspect that contributes to the effective deployment of CGIS in TNB is ensuring that the necessary data for CGIS functionality is constantly available, correct and dependable. High integrity data can only be achieved by ensuring that any changes to data characteristics are quickly reflected in the CGIS databases on-site. This may be accomplished by providing users with a suitable field data capture or updating tool. The usage of this technology as part of their regular job should be made mandatory to achieve process uniformity and compliance.