2) people will feel more connected to other members of the same nationality as they identify with and share a common history, language and culture.

eg, haka which is from maori, angklung from west java, Beijing opera from china and singlish from Singapore.

It leads to them being more connected to their country, and for them to have a shared sense of national identity and sense of belonging.

Socio-economic status refers to a person’s standing in society based on their income, occupation, and level of education. It determines the resources and opportunities they can access, such as quality of housing, healthcare, and education. It is often categorised into lower, middle, and upper classes, influencing their lifestyle and social interactions.

2. Example of the factor

For example, in Singapore, socio-economic status can be seen through educational pathways. A student whose parents are both university graduates working as civil servants may live in a HDB executive apartment, attend an Integrated Programme (IP) school, and take enrichment classes in coding or public speaking. Their socio-economic status gives them access to these opportunities, shaping their worldview and confidence.

In contrast, another student may come from a household where the parents have secondary school education and work shift jobs in logistics or food services. They may live in a rental flat and attend a neighbourhood school, focusing more on part-time work after school to supplement household income rather than enrichment classes. This example shows that socio-economic status is not just about being "rich or poor" but how educational, occupational, and income differences interact to affect daily experiences, opportunities, and aspirations.

3. How the factor leads to observable behaviour traits

Socio-economic status shapes one’s identity and behaviour in observable ways. Those from higher socio-economic backgrounds may display confidence in public speaking, fluency in standard English, global perspectives from travel, and wider career aspirations due to exposure and family support. They may also engage in leisure activities like golf or music lessons.
On the other hand, individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds may demonstrate traits such as resilience and responsibility from helping with family finances, or practical thinking due to financial constraints. They may prioritise immediate income-generating options over long-term academic pathways due to the need to support their family early.

2.They feel more connected with one another and this will result in a shared sense of national identity and belonging to their country, leading to social stability.

3.People may not be very open to immigrants and may not be very accepting

- it causes a person to have lower self-esteem especially when in comparing self to others.

- can shape a person's values

- students from low SES backgrounds may lack access to good schools or tuition.

-people from lower SES can face discrimination or be treated unfairly due to stereotypes

2) These factors affect how people feel about themselves. People with more money or education may feel more confident. Those with less might feel stressed or left out. It can also affect how others see and treat them.

3) People with lower socio-economic status often face problems. They may not afford good schools, healthy food, or medical care. This can lead to unfair chances in life, where rich people get more opportunities than poor people.

Examples of physical characteristics:

-bone and jaw structure

-color of skin hair and eyes

these physical charateristics ususally vary according to race.

Definition: ethnicity is based on the culture of a goup of people who share the same ancestry, customs and traditions that distinguish them from other groups in society. Each ethnic gourp has its own beliefs, values and practices that shape its identity and way of life

Examples of ppl of the same nationality may share/identify with:

-haka

-Angklung

-Bei Jing Opera

-Singlish

Examples of nationality:

-American

-French

-Japanese

-Brazilian

-Nigerian

2) It can shape a person's identity as it influences his or her beliefs, values, practices and way of life.

Race refers to the biological classification of people, which includes their physical characteristics.

Ethnicity is based on the culture of a group of people who share the same ancestry, traditions to distinguish them from other groups in society.

Examples:

Race- Examples of physical characteristics of different races are bone and jaw structure, colour of skin hair and eyes. (Usually varies according to the race)

Ethnicity- In Singapore, within the Malay community there are different ethnic groups (Javanese, Bugis). Different ethnic groups will have different traditional costumes, performing arts and traditional food.

Race and ethnicity can shape a person's identity which includes beliefs, values and practices and way of life. For example, the chinese community tend to host funerals at the void deck of HDBs while the malay communities host their weddings there.

example!

a family where the parents work in low-paying jobs and have limited formal education. They may struggle to afford basic necessities such as nutritious food, healthcare, or a safe place to live. Their children may attend underfunded schools with fewer academic resources and extracurricular opportunities. This can affect their academic performance and future chances of attending college or securing high-paying jobs.On the other hand, families with higher socioeconomic status typically have access to better schools, private tutoring, quality healthcare, and stable housing. These advantages contribute to better physical and mental health, higher educational attainment, and greater career opportunities.

Ethnicity is based on the culture of a group of people who share the same ancestry, customs and traditions that distinguish them from other groups in society. Each ethnic group has its own beliefs, values and practices that shape identity and way of life. In Southeast Asia, different ethnic groups have their unique customs, traditions and languages. For example, within Malay community is Singapore, there are different ethnic groups such as the Javanese and the Bugis.

2.An individual's religion may be determined by birth or by choice. Believers keep to the beliefs and practices of their religion regardless of their race, ethnicity, or nationality. Their religious beliefs and practices may influence their thinking, the choices and decisions they make, and their interactions with other. Thus shaping one's identity

2) Many religions promote values of compassion, love and respect. People keep to the believes and practises of their religion regardless of race, ethnicity or nationality. Their religious believes and practices may influence their thinking, their choices and decisions they make, and their interactions with others.

3) Discrimination, prejudice, misunderstanding

2) It determines the resources and quality of resources they can access and is usually separated into lower, middle, and upper class. Hence, it also determines the people they may interact with more often. This causes a difference in their methods of interaction, for example people of higher socio-economic status may have access to higher quality education and speak more languages fluently. This can help them interact with more people or people of similar status. Hence, this helps to unite different people, but may also cause social distinction between each class. People of lower status may perceive themselves with less confidence and be perceived as less educated while people of higher status may perceive themselves with more pride and be perceived as more educated.

3) Families with lower income may face challenges in providing resources to support their children's development. Social distinction in society may cause people of higher status to look down on those of lower status, causing emotional harm to people of lower status, a lower self esteem, and a sense of inferiority. This may damage their sense of identity.

e.g. the KidSTART programme was introduced by Singapore's government as added support for children aged six and below for families that have lower income and struggle to support their children's development.

2) For example: families with lower income may face challenges in providing the resources to support their children's development. To ensure children have a good start in life, the Singapore government introduced the kidSTART programme as added support for children aged six and below.

• Singlish is an informal way of speaking, used by most Singaporeans. It mixes languages spoken by the various communities in Singapore.

• Beijing Opera. They sing and recite in Mandarin, accompanied by various traditional instruments.

• Haka is a dance and chant that originated from the Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. Players of New Zealand's rugby team are known to perform haka which is part of their identity.

• race refers to biological classification of people, including physical characteristics

• ethnicity is based on the culture of a group people who share the same ancestory, customs and traditions that distinguish them from ther groups in society

2. Examples

• The malays have the javanese ethnicity and bugis ethnicity

• They have different forms of musical instrument. The javanese have the javanese gamelan and the bugis have the bugis kacapi

• They also have different traditional wedding clothes. The javanese bride wears a kebaya often paired with a batik kain or other woven cloth like songket. The groom wears the batik shirt or baju koko along with the batik kain or formal trousers/pants. The bugis bride wears a baju bodo along with a lippa sabbe/ lipa garusuk. The groom wears a jas tutu with a sarong.

Examples: Islam has practices such as praying 5 times a day, fasting during Ramadan

In Christianity, they should attend mass for Catholics, or service for methodist, and some teachings for Christianity is to love others as you love yourself or to honor your parents

This can change and influence mindsets and beliefs, food preference, instill morals and values through practices and teaching.

2.Angklung: An Indonesian musical instrument from West Java with roots dating back too 7th century. Made of several bamboo tubes fixed to a bamboo frame, played in a group with other musicians. Additionally, closely associated with Indonesia's identity & is inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.

3.Beijing Oprea: It is an art from originated in China, which depicite stories adapted from Chinese history and folklore.

4.Singlish: It mixes English with words and phrases from the language are spoken by various communities in SG. Speaking singlish has become a part of Singaporean identity and culture.

an economic situation shared by a group of people in the society

examples:

• low, medium, high

lower income families may face challenges in providing the resources and money to buy daily essentials or pay up for tuitions and other enrichment lessons for their children. Hence, this might affect the growth and development of these children.

examples of nationalities

Nigerian

Russian

german

French

Spanish

Singaporean

some histories language and culture

haka

angklung

bei jing opera

singlish

• monthly/yearly income (high/low/medium) (occupation)

• type of accommodation

• social background

• physical abilities/disabilities

• subject to change based on life expenses and habits

Example:

• Mr Lim Hock Chee and his wife used to sell chilled pork at a rented stall in a grocery store. Mr Lim started the pork stall because of excess supply at his father’s pig farm. Mr Lim and his brothers took over a supermarket where the stall was located and turned it into the first Sheng Siong store in 1985. After more than 35 years, Mr Lim and his brothers operate more than 65 supermarkets across Singapore and have become successful businessmen. 

• Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of physicians. In October 1959, at the age of 17, he began his university education at University College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA degree in physics. In October 1962, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where, in March 1966, he obtained his PhD in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology. In 1963, at age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, over decades, paralysed him. After the loss of his speech, he communicated through a speech-generating device, initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle.^[22]

-Ethnicity is based on the culture of a group of people who share the same ancestry, customs and traditions that distinguish them from other groups in society. For example, Hokkien and Cantonese have different practices and beliefs even though both are Chinese.