Divided Attention by Laurence Ewles [ps21le] https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf Implications of divided attention in the real world. en-us 2021-11-29 17:07:47 UTC 2021-11-30 06:57:12 UTC hello@padlet.com Definitions ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918476672 Multitasking is performing two or more tasks at the same time.

In order to multitask, you must use Divided Attention - the attempt to respond, seemingly simultaneously, to multiple tasks or demands.]]> 2021-11-29 17:10:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918476672 Factors influencing divided attention ed20arg1 https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918877375 1. Practise - if you are well practised at the tasks, you will find multitasking easier 
Evidence - Scheider and Shiffin (1997)
- When participants completed a divided attention task, performance was initially 55% correct
- After 900 trials (practise) this rose to 90%
- After 600 trials they reported a sense of automaticity

]]> 2021-11-29 20:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918877375 ed20arg1 https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918912036 2. Task difficulty - if the tasks you are doing are difficult and take more cognitive skills/concentration, you will find it harder to multitask
Evidence -
- In the same study, when the task was made harder, no automaticity was shown]]> 2021-11-29 20:21:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918912036 ed20arg1 https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918912647 3. Task similarity - if the tasks you are doing at the same time are similar, you will find it harder to multitask
Evidence - McCleod (1977):
- Participants had to identify tones by pointing at them or identifying them verbally.
- At the same time they had to trace a line (with the other hand)
- There were more errors in the line when they had to point.]]> 2021-11-29 20:22:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1918912647 Impact of using a phone when driving ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919063310 Stranger and Johnson
-participants had to react to a red light by pressing the brakes
-those using a phone were far more likely to be slower to hit the brakes, and miss red lights

Redelmeier and Tibshirani
- examined phone call records of drivers involved in collisions
-using a mobile phone quadrupled chance of collision

]]> 2021-11-29 22:06:43 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919063310 Hands-free Phone? ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919067065 -Both Stranger & Johnson, and Redelmeier & Tibshirani found that there was no difference in the results, when using a hands free phone.
- The impact is the same
- Suggests that it's not about hands on the wheel, but the cognitive resources involved with using the phone, that should be used for driving

]]> 2021-11-29 22:10:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919067065 On the phone: Talking vs Listening ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919071626 Caird et al
- Meta analysis study
- Reaction times to events
- Increased by 250ms when on the phone
- Effect larger when talking rather than listening -> talking potentially requires more attention than listening (cognitive resources)

]]> 2021-11-29 22:14:01 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919071626 Texting while driving ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919079289 Caird et al
- Meta analysis study
- Typing and reading texts while driving caused adverse eye movements, stimulus detection, poor reaction time.
- Bigger impact when typing compared to reading

Potential Hierarchy of Phones impact on driving? Typing>Reading>Talking>Listening]]> 2021-11-29 22:20:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919079289 Talking to passengers vs using phone ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919088478 Drews, Pasupathi & Strayer
- There is not the same impact when talking to passengers in the car
- This is because conversation adapts as both the driver and passenger can see traffic
- Conversation may stop during busy traffic/ tricky navigation
- sometimes conversation directed to traffic

However- depends on passenger
- annoying "backseat drivers" might try and be too controlling
- this can put off the driver. negative impact]]> 2021-11-29 22:28:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919088478 Using a phone: Impact of age ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919120293 While Redelmeier and Tibshiri found that age had no impact on the relative risk of a collision when using a phone, there is contrasting research suggesting that age may at the very least have an impact on reaction time when using a phone.

-TH Woo, J Lin (2001)
- measured reaction time to stimuli while using a mobile phone
- They found that age differences were significant for mobile phone use
- In most cases (see figure 5), older participants were more likely to react slower to stimuli when using a phone, than younger participants.
- The 'Pedestrian Intrusion' reaction time is interesting (potential link to how long they've been driving)

(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60066-2)]]> 2021-11-29 22:59:19 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919120293 What does the law allow? ps21le https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919280951 While it is illegal to hold a phone while driving, the law allows the use of:
  • a Bluetooth headset
  • voice command
  • a dashboard holder or mat
  • a windscreen mount
  • a built-in sat nav

- This goes against evidence from Stranger & Johnson, and Redelmeier & Tibshirani

- Should these really be allowed? How big are the differences in adverse eye movement when looking at a phone on a dashboard holder as opposed to in a hand? Potentially they still pose some risk?
]]> 2021-11-30 01:17:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ps21le/uteub9skdvkhh0rf/wish/1919280951