Task:      

1)     Read the lecture notes for topic 1

2)     In groups, Make a summary on the topic, you may also use other materials for your reading related to the topic.

3)     Write it up and upload your summary in Padlet (Individually).
4) Please introduce yourself first then you can start summary in a short way.

 grown in channel, nutirent solution pumped           constantly

In liquid medium system which is deep water culture  and aeroponics. Deep water culture is about plant's root are suspended in a well oxygent solution composed water and nutirents  and aeroponics is its suspended in air and sorayed with a nutirent. Second is solid medium system which is employ olants in various type of container. 
 
 In commercialized farming, aquaculture is cultivation of aquatic organisms such as matriculture and algaculture.
 
 Forth, poultry and animal farming. Its about livestock farming for long time in future such as build shelters for duck, chicken or others. 
 
 Last, new product and future industries. Its to create new higher value industries from plants and animals . We can get product from food or industrial processing such as burger, juice, furniture, belts or others. 

TOPIC 1 SUMMARY

Agriculture is all activities that involve in utilizing the natural resources to produce commodities that will help in maintaining and sustaining life. Modern agriculture has promoted improvisation of methods and the continuation of processing the raw materials obtained to more superior and better products. Modern agriculture also involved specialists in other fields to collaborate in developing better methods and system to produce better yield.

Agriculture is important in the world because most nations in the world depend widely in agriculture. Agriculture come to help in underdeveloped countries which have problems related to least crop production and cannot provide enough food for its citizens because food is important to maintain citizens’ health. Industrialized nations utilized agriculture to enhance their raw material production. Agriculture can also maintain socio-political stability of a country, especially in difficult times as today's weather are unexpected and cannot be prevented such as drought in dry nations. 

Agriculture can pollute our environment in many ways. One of them are by waterways and wetlands. Usage of inorganic fertilizers which contain nitrogen and phosphorus can be absorbed into nearby waterways from soil. Pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus can interrupt biodiversity of plants and animals living in the waterways such fish in the river.

There are two types of agriculture practise. One of it is subsistence farming.The characteristics of this farming are low input and low yield, inter-cropping, slash and burn, low external input, enough food to feed family and no surplus to sell or storage for long term. The other one is commercialised farming.  The characteristics of this farming are it is monoculture or combination of a few crops. It will use of high yielding modern varieties, large chemicals input and high use of technology poultry and animal farming and new products and future industries.

Commercial farming is a type of farming in which crops are grown for commercial used only. It is a modernized method of farming that is taken on a large scale. For example , tropical plantation agriculture. Monocropping techniques is used on various types of crops such as rubber, oil palm and cocoa. Due to the suitable humidity on tropical climate will support this techniques in producing crops before being exported to industrialized nations. On the other hands, vegetative farming techniques is used in commercialized farming. For instance, the block of cabbage in Cameron Highlands. Its consists of organic farming and soilless culture. Organic farming were involved in crop rotation which can avoid build up of pests and diseases. There were no chemical used. Soilless culture were providing plants with support and a reservoir for nutrients and water. Its have tendency in high production with high quality products. Soilless culture divided into liquid-Medium System and Solid-Medium System. Besides, cultivation of aquatic organisms or known as aquaculture also being used to commercial farming activity. Its consists of mariculture, algaculture, freshwater fish and prawns farming and semi aquatic animals. Furthermore, animal husbandry is the scientific management of animal livestock. Its includes various aspects such as feeding, breeding and disease control. Animal based farming includes cattle, sheep, poultry and fish farming. As the population increases and as living standard increases. Hence, the demand for egg, milk and meat will increases. In addition, farming can help to form a new products and future industries. As new higher value industries can be create due to biotechnology products, natural chemicals from biological resources and utilization of oil palm biomass. Recreational fishery, agroforestry and agrotourism also can be considered.

We will get two main downstream process that is food processing and industrial processing. For food processing, we can get juice, burgers, sausage, jelly and etc. For industrial processing, we can get furniture, tires, belts, handbags, and etc

This is the summary that my groupmate and I had been discussed on. 

Agriculture does not only produce raw material, also food and non food product. As an example we can get from oil palm plantation is oil turns to food, pharmaceutical and soap. In modern agriculture there are improvement in agricultural methods and resources. Thus, it also involve specialists such as economist, scientist, engineers, inventors etc.

Few of the importance of agriculture is to Maintain socio-political stability of a country in difficult times. The solution is the need food stock-pile. Second, can provide income such as turn agriculture waste into feeds & fertilizers, oil palm wood, wooden tiles etc.

Despite the advantages there are also disadvantages. Increasing amount of nitrogen and phosphorus and the use of pesticides and other biocides in or near waterways and wet ways can effect the biodiversity of plants and animals

Next, agricultural practices for instances subsistence farming and commercialized farming. Subsistence farming is the most primitive from. Once the solid fertility wanes, the farmers will abandon the land. One of the improvement that have been made is works permanently on the land that has undergone slash & burn cultivation but still poor in nutrients, thus poor yield. 

Aquaculture, tropical plantation agriculture, vegetable farming, poultry and animal farming, new products and future industries is one of the commercialized farming. Tropical plantation agriculture is for suitable humid tropical climate. Vegetable farming is a production of vegetables in block or row, open or enclosed and use machinery. Vegetable farming is divided by two which is organic farming and soilless culture. Organic farming involves in crop rotation to avoids build up pest and diseases. Soilless culture is growing vegetables without soil. Soilless culture can be divided to liquid-medium system and solid-medium system. Liquid-medium system is divided by three which is Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Deep Water culture (DWC) and Aeroponics. Next, Aqua culture is divided by mariculture, algaculture, freshwater fish & prawns farming and semi-aquatic animals. Lastly, Livestock farming is to raising animals in closure or rangeland.

-          The utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities that will maintain life is called agriculture which involves farming,art and science that provide protein sources as food for human use.

-          The process of producing food and non-food product is a modern type of agriculture that can be used in many foods products and other industrial products.

-          Agriculture has shown worldwide improvement in the production and input of appropriate sources in terms of production including scientists, inventors, engineers, chemists and economists.

-          In chemical nutrient solutions, high value plants have been grown using traditional agricultural practices called hydroponics.

 

-          Nowadays, agriculture is very important in every industry as its provides the raw material such as rubber and oil palm to produce major products such as tires and cooking oil.

 

Agricultural makes its contribution to economic development in following ways :

1) By providing food and raw materials to non-agricultural sector.

2) Earning valuable foreign exchange through the export of agricultural products.

-          Conflict can disrupt the supply and distribution of inputs and outputs, create price shock and cause massive displacement of labour.

-          High level of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers, manure and animal waste in surface waters give to eutrophication which depletes dissolved oxygen, killing fish and other aquatic life

 

 

AGRICULTURAL PROCESS / SYSTEMS

 SUBSISTENCE FARMING
 Characteristics ;
- low input and low yield
- inter-cropping
- slash and burn (nomadic)
- low extent input
- enough food to feed family
- no surplus to sell or storage for long term

COMMERCIALISED FARMING
Characteristics :
- monoculture or combination of a few crops 
- use of high yielding modern varieties 
- large chemical input (pesticideand fertilizers)
- high use of technology and machine

 

- They are five types of commercialized farming :

1. Aquaculture.

2. Tropical plantation agriculture.

3. Vegetative farming.

4. Poultry and animal farming.

5. New products and future industrial

- Aquaculture is cultivation of aquatic organisms such as matriculture and algaculture.

- The most well known plants concerned are rubbers, oil palm, cocoa, coffee and others.

- Grown in humid tropical climate.

- Little used when they are grown, but yields are mostly exported to industrialised nations.

-          The production of vegetables are in block and row.

-          Can be planted in an open or enclosed area.

-          Vegetative farming is divided by two, which are organic farming and soillness culture.

 

 

 

 | ORGANIC FARMING | SOILLNESS CULTURE
 | -          involves crop rotation to avoid build up of pests and disease and helps balance the fertility. -          No chemicals are used. -          Depends on natural enemies. -          Organic fertilizers | -          Providing plants with support and a reservoir for nutrients and water. -          Growing without soil. -          High production and quality. -          No soil-borne disease and weed. -          No tillage.

-          Soillness culture is the one of the vegetative farming and have two types of soillness culture which are liquid-medium system and solid-medium system.Liquid-medium system which is deep water culture means is about plant’s root are suspended in a well oxygent solution composed water and nutrients while aeroponics is its suspended in a air and sorayed with a nutrient.Solid-medium system is employ plants in various type of container. In liquid-medium system, it consists of three techniques which are :

- Most common technique

- Grown in channel, nutrient solution is pumped constantly.

 | ADVANTAGE | DISADVANTAGE
| -          Low water and nutrient consumption | -          Roots grown in confined channels may clog the channels. -          Not suitable for plants with large top-root systems.

 

-  Plant’s root are suspended in a well-oxygenatted solution composed of water and nutrients.

 | ADVANTAGE | DISADVANTAGE
| -          Very low maintainence  | -          Water level, nutrient concentration may fluctuate wildly. -          If electricity outage or pump failure, the roots may ‘drown’ in low-oxygen nutrient solution. 

 

-          It’s about livestock farming for long time in future such as build shelters for duck, chicken and others .

 

-          Its to create new higher value industries from plants and animals.

-          We can get product from food or industrial processing such as burger, furniture, belts or others.