▪1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets

▪1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency

▪1969: first ARPAnet node operational

▪1972:

•ARPAnet public demo

•NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol

•first e-mail program

ARPAnet has 15 nodes

▪1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks

▪1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC

▪late70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA

▪late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor)

1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

▪1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined

▪1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation

▪1985: ftp protocol defined

▪1988: TCP congestion control

▪new national networks: CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel

▪100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks

▪1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)

▪early 1990s: Web

•hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]

•HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee

•1994: Mosaic, later Netscape

•late 1990’s: commercialization of the Web

late 1990’s – 2000’s:

▪more killer apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharing

▪network security to forefront

▪est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users

▪backbone links running at Gbps

•smartphones and tablets

▪aggressive deployment of broadband access

▪increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access

▪emergence of online social networks:

•Facebook: ~ one billion users

▪service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own networks

•bypass  Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to search, video content, email, etc.

▪e-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon EC2)